In the late 1970s, intellectual leaders, including scholars and politicians, began to emphasize the concept of competitiveness in the race to achieve a country’s economic success in the globalized world (Krugman, 1996). In 1990, Michael E. Porter published his influential book, Competitive Advantage of Nations, which spread the term globally and ubiquitously. The versatility of the term, however, has generated some ambiguity.