In this paper, we propose a novel general non-negative matrix factorization (general-NMF)-based digital watermarking scheme for copyright protection and integrity authentication of the image content. Specifically, the proposed general-NMF algorithm is able to factorize a matrix C ∈ R + s×t into a basis matrix A ∈ R + m×n and a coefficient matrix B ∈ R + p×q by removing the dimension-matching constraints required by the conventional NMF, where s = m, n = p, and t = q. In particular, s = m · l/n, t = l/p · q, and the variable l is the least common multiple of n and p. Furthermore, the generator factor of the random matrix and n are used as the keys of the proposed digital watermarking scheme. Experimental results show that the proposed digital watermarking scheme can effectively resist various attacks and tampering.
Article
A Novel Digital Watermarking Based on General Non-Negative Matrix Factorization
Computer Science and Engineering
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
8-1-2018
Publisher
IEEE
Disciplines
Abstract
Citation Information
Chen, Z., Li, L., Peng, H., Liu, Y., & Yang, Y. (2018). A Novel Digital Watermarking Based on General Non-Negative Matrix Factorization. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 20(8), 1973–1986. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMM.2018.2794985