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N-nitrosamine Formation by Monochloramine, Free Chlorine, and Peracetic Acid Disinfection with Presence of Amine Precursors in Drinking Water System
Chemosphere
  • Danielle M. West
  • Qihua Wu
  • Ariel R. Donovan
  • Honglan Shi, Missouri University of Science and Technology
  • Yinfa Ma, Missouri University of Science and Technology
  • Hua Jiang
  • Jianmin Wang, Missouri University of Science and Technology
Abstract

In this study, the formation of eight N-nitrosamines, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosomethylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine, N-Nitrosopiperidine, N-Nitrosopyrrolidine, N-Nitrosomorpholine, were systematically evaluated with respect to seven N-nitrosamine precursors (dimethylamine, trimethylamine, 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole, 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine, ethylmethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine) and three disinfectants (monochloramine, free chlorine, peracetic acid) under variable dosages, exposure times, and pH in a drinking water system. Without the presence of the seven selected N-nitrosamine precursors N-nitrosamine formation was not observed under any tested condition except very low levels of N-Nitrosopyrrolidine under some conditions. With selected N-nitrosamine precursors present N-nitrosamines formed at different levels under different conditions. The highest N-nitrosamine formation was NDMA with a maximum concentration of 1180 ng/L by monochloramine disinfection with precursors present; much lower levels of N-nitrosamines were formed by free chlorine disinfection; and no detectable level of N-nitrosamines were observed by peracetic acid disinfection except low level of N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine under some conditions. NDMA formation was not affected by pH while four other N-nitrosamine formations were slightly affected by sample pH tested between 7 and 9, with formation decreasing with increasing pH. Monochloramine exposure time study displayed fast formation of N-nitrosamines, largely formed in four hours of exposure and maximized after seven days. This was a systematic study on the N-nitrosamine formation with the seven major N-nitrosamine precursors presence and absence under different conditions, including peracetic acid disinfection which has not been studied elsewhere.

Department(s)
Chemistry
Keywords and Phrases
  • Drinking Water Disinfection By Peracetic Acid,
  • Emerging Water Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs),
  • N-nitrosamine Formation,
  • N-nitrosamine Precursors,
  • N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
Document Type
Article - Journal
Document Version
Citation
File Type
text
Language(s)
English
Rights
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd, All rights reserved.
Publication Date
6-1-2016
Publication Date
01 Jun 2016
Disciplines
Citation Information
Danielle M. West, Qihua Wu, Ariel R. Donovan, Honglan Shi, et al.. "N-nitrosamine Formation by Monochloramine, Free Chlorine, and Peracetic Acid Disinfection with Presence of Amine Precursors in Drinking Water System" Chemosphere Vol. 153 (2016) p. 521 - 527 ISSN: 0045-6535
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/yinfa-ma/136/