Objective: In this study, we examined leisure-time aerobic physical activity (PA) and PA self-efficacy levels and assessed their relationship in a vulnerable adult population.

Methods: Data regarding 909 respondents were drawn through the baseline interview from a group randomized community-based intervention in Appalachia. Leisure-time PA was assessed by using the Godin Leisure Time Questionnaire.

Results: Levels of leisure-time physical activity and related self-efficacy were low among the study participants. In unadjusted and adjusted analyses, physical activity self-efficacy was positively associated with engagement in the recommended levels of physical activity.

Conclusion: Promotion of physical activity by emphasizing an individual's confidence in ability to perform may be relevant for future health interventions concerned with adoption of health behaviors among vulnerable populations.