This report summarizes the contents and lessons from a three-day professional workshop designed and led by Tatsushi Arai in 2010. The Center for Stabilization and Reconstruction Studies (CSRS) in California organized the workshop and produced this report. Drawing upon the in-depth case studies of Burundi and Pakistan, the workshop examined the role of cultural sensitivity and fluency in conflict resolution, diplomacy, humanitarian aid, development, and other forms of social change initiatives undertaken in conflict-affected societies and regions. The workshop provided a laboratory of experiential learning and joint reflection among experienced professionals from government agencies, international organizations, civil society organizations, and academic institutions.