Our aim in this chapter is to interrogate the double EU agenda that we see as centred on reworking citizenship, through the th idea of the 'learning citizen' We approach this topic by reflecting on a country that has been generally successful in integrating European communitiesinto a multicultural and pluralist democracy of the kind envisaged in an integrated Europe. Specifically, we consider the successes and challenges that have confronted Australia as it worked to modernise its democratic politics. In adopting this approach we are not suggesting that Australia offers any simple lessons for Europe or that Australian democracy is the best model for European integration. Indeed, we recognise that Australia offers a relatively simple small-scale case of political integration, compared to Europe with its ambition of bringing 25, possibly more, nations with diverse cultures and subcultures into a coherent governance structure. However, a small case-study is sometimes helpful in crystalling issues and strategy, and it is with this orientation that we draw from Australian research and our own professional experience, to see what can be learned from the Australian case that might sh light on the 'European learning citizen' .