In 2006 about 60 countries had already participated in PISA, and in 2006 and 2007 a similar number of countries will participate in TIMSS. These studies operate on a three and four year cycle respectively to gather data internationally to provide information to governments and researchers. PISA and TIMSS have a different orientation in their aims. In general, PISA has a policy orientation, while TIMSS has a research orientation. More specifically, PISA tests 15-year-old students at the end of compulsory schooling to determine how well they can apply reading, mathematics and science skills to everyday situations. TIMSS tests students in Year 4 and Year 8, focusing on links between the intended, implemented and attained curriculum. The Ministerial Council on Employment, Education and Youth Affairs (MCEETYA) includes both PISA and TIMSS in the National Testing Program. The article outlines how the samples are taken in Australia. Continuing participation in these international studies provides educators and researchers with a series of snapshots of achievement over a period of time. Participation ensures Australia is able to keep track of where the nation lies in terms of achievements and other outcomes such as equity and engagement.