The purpose of this primer is to provide basic information on the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) that Indigenous Peoples can easily understand. It aims to familiarize Indigenous Peoples with the processes and programmes of work of the CBD, so that they can participate effectively at various levels and take advantage of available opportunities for engagement. It presents some strategies used by Indigenous Peoples in holding their governments accountable for their commitments to the CBD. It could serve as a tool for Indigenous Peoples in negotiating and advancing their rights to land, resources, biological diversity, cultural diversity, and self-determination – not just in the text or programmes of work of the CBD, but also in its implementation at the national level.