The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) convened a working group on October 23, 2019 to identify the most relevant and urgent research priorities, and prevailing challenges in e-cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury (EVALI). Experts across multiple disciplines discussed the complexities of the EVALI outbreak, identified research priorities, and recommended strategies to address most effectively its causal factors, improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this disease. Many research priorities were identified, including the need to create national and international registries of EVALI patients, to track accurately those affected, and assess outcomes. The group concluded that biospecimens from EVALI subjects are urgently needed to help define EVALI pathogenesis, and that vaping has disease risks which are disparate from smoking, with the occurrence of EVALI highlighting the importance of broadening e-cigarette research beyond comparators to smoking-related diseases.