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Article
Demonstration of an Alternative Mechanism for G-to-G Cross-Link Formation
Journal of the American Chemical Society
  • Ming Qian
  • Rainer Glaser, Missouri University of Science and Technology
Abstract

The cross-link dG-to-dG is an important product of DNA nitrosation. Its formation has commonly been attributed to nucleophilic substitution of N2 in a guaninediazonium ion by guanine, while recent studies suggest guanine addition to a cyanoamine derivative formed after dediazoniation, deprotonation, and pyrimidine ring-opening. The chemical viability of the latter mechanism is supported here by the experimental demonstration of rG-to-aG formation via rG addition to a synthetic cyanoamine derivative. Thus, all known products of nitrosative guanine deamination are consistent with the postulate of pyrimidine ring-opening. This postulated mechanism not only explains what is already known but also suggests that other products and other cross-links also might be formed in DNA deamination. The study suggests one possible new product: the structure isomer aG(N1)-to-rG(C2) of the classical G(N2)-to-G(C2) cross-link. While the formation of aG(N2)-to-rG(C2) has been established by chemical synthesis, the structure isomer aG(N1)-to-rG(C2) has been assigned tentatively based on its MS/MS spectrum and because this assignment is reasonable from a mechanistic perspective. Density functional calculations show preferences for the amide-iminol tautomer of the classical cross-link G(N2)-to-G(C2) and the amide-amide tautomer of G(N1)-to-G(C2). Moreover, the results suggest that both cross-links are of comparable thermodynamic stability, and that there are no a priori energetic or structural reasons that would prevent the formation of the structure isomer in the model reaction or in DNA.

Department(s)
Chemistry
Keywords and Phrases
  • Crosslinking,
  • Isomers,
  • Nitrogen Compounds,
  • Structure (Composition),
  • Substitution Reactions,
  • Synthesis (Chemical),
  • Thermodynamic Stability,
  • Deamination,
  • Deprotonation,
  • DNA Nitrosation,
  • Pyrimidine Ring-Opening,
  • DNA,
  • Amide,
  • Diazonium Compound,
  • Guanidine Derivative,
  • Guanine,
  • Nitrile,
  • Pyrimidine,
  • Cross Linking,
  • Density Functional Theory,
  • Isomer,
  • Mass Spectrometry,
  • Nitrosation,
  • Reaction Analysis,
  • Ring Opening,
  • Synthesis,
  • Thermodynamics,
  • Thermostability,
  • Amines,
  • Aminoimidazole Carboxamide,
  • Guanosine,
  • Models,
  • Molecular,
  • Oligonucleotides,
  • Ribonucleosides
Document Type
Article - Journal
Document Version
Citation
File Type
text
Language(s)
English
Rights
© 2005 American Chemical Society (ACS), All rights reserved.
Publication Date
1-1-2005
Publication Date
01 Jan 2005
PubMed ID
15656626
Disciplines
Citation Information
Ming Qian and Rainer Glaser. "Demonstration of an Alternative Mechanism for G-to-G Cross-Link Formation" Journal of the American Chemical Society Vol. 127 Iss. 3 (2005) p. 880 - 887 ISSN: 0002-7863; 1520-5126
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/rainer-glaser/50/