THE DISCIPLINE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY IS ABOUT MASTERING THE CONCEPT OF CONFOUNDING. Applying multiple queue, this 324-page effort mathematically describes a variety of approaches and designs that escalate the vigor of non-randomized comorbidity research in relatively small samples: marginal and hierarchical models, Markov chain Monte Carlo iterates, stochastic compartmental simulations, and elliptical regression. The theory chapter is followed by presentation of the author's own twelve meta-studies.