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Article
Prolonged Middle Ear Development in Rhinella horribilis
Journal of Morphology
  • Molly C. Womack, Utah State University
  • Jennifer L. Stynoski, Colorado State University
  • Meredith K. Voyles, Colorado State University
  • Luis A. Coloma, Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios
  • Kim L. Hoke, Colorado State University
Document Type
Article
Publisher
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Publication Date
8-27-2018
Disciplines
Abstract

Despite the benefit of the tympanic middle ear to airborne hearing sensitivity, anurans range in how soon they develop functional middle ears after transitioning to life on land. Previous evidence suggested that bufonids had particularly slow middle ear developmental rates, but precise timelines have not yet been published for this family. Here, we provide the first age‐verified middle ear development timeline for a true toad species (family Bufonidae). We find that although middle ear development begins during metamorphosis in Rhinella horribilis, the middle ear remains incomplete 15 weeks after the transition from aquatic tadpole to land‐dwelling toadlet. Using this new middle ear timeline, we discuss commonalities and differences in middle ear development among bufonids, as well as among Anura.

Citation Information
Womack, M.C., Stynoski, J.L., Voyles*, M.K., Coloma, L.A., and Hoke, K. L. 2018. Prolonged middle ear development in Rhinella horribilis. Journal of morphology, 279(10), 1518-1523.