Chapter 6.  Area Criteria (2021)

              The World Bank: Fostering Development

                           Closing Financial Gaps

                           Growth and Income Distribution

                           Human Capabilities

                           The Physical and Political Contexts of Development

                           Aid in the 21st Century

              The IMF: Exchange Rates and Balance of Payments Problems

                           Exchange Rates and Policy Coordination

                           IMF Lending

                           Confirming Creditworthiness

                           Policy Advice for Individual Governments

              Summary

This Part takes up the shifting definitions of what sorts of activities help attain the broad goal of “development.”   Notions of what is needed have been the subject of constant debate among governments, academics, policy analysts, nongovernmental organizations, transnational advocacy coalitions and intergovernmental organizations, and these debates have produced several shifts in the consensus on area several times since 1945.  This part focuses more on the policy areas covered by “development,” leaving the arguments about what economic models should be used to formulate national economic development policy to the next two parts.