In American men, prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. Confirmed risk factors for prostate cancer include increased age, African-American ethnicity, and having first-degree relatives with the disease; high fat consumption may also be implicated. Appropriate screening begins with digital rectal examination and measurement of prostate-specific antigen; biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis. Watchful waiting, surgery, and radiation are standard treatment options. Adverse effects of the more aggressive therapies include urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction.