This review describes the sex and gender differences in COVID-19 presentation, treatment, and outcomes. We discuss the differences between the sexes in susceptibility to infection, the role of sex chromosomes on the body's immunologic response and the influence of hormones on the body's response to the virus. Additionally, the sex differences in clinical and laboratory presentation, complications of infection and outcomes, as well as differences in response to treatment and prevention are reviewed.
Wolfe, J., Safdar, B., Madsen, T. E., Sethuraman, K. N., Becker, B., Greenberg, M. R., & McGregor, A. J. (2021). Sex- or Gender-specific Differences in the Clinical Presentation, Outcome, and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Clinical therapeutics, 43(3), 557–571.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.01.015