Four characteristics of the Northern Rockies that are most important to ecosystem management are the large number of high-profile wildlife species, the diversity of ecological types, the rural socio-economic systems that are highly resource-based, and the fire-dependent natural systems. Potential constraints include the diversity of human values, insufficient knowledge about ecosystems, the tendency for political systems to produce solutions that are not ecologically optimal, and the prevalence of a utilitarian growth orientation coupled with anti-government sentiment. Characteristics most favorable for EM are the large amount of federal ownership, abundant research opportunities, a growing public recognition of the need to make environmental progress, and recognition among the agencies of the need for partnerships.