Conventional tillage can lead to significant increases in soil erosion and deterioration of soil structure, by increasing surface runoff. It is well documented that conservation systems can reduce surface runoff significantly due to crop residue cover and improved soil structure, soil water infiltration, and soil carbon content. The link between conservation systems and soil sustainability and productivity is well documented. The most demonstrated problem associated with the lack of conservation systems in Iowa and elsewhere is the reduction in water quality due to sediment and chemical transport to lakes and streams. The 2004 proposed 303(d) list includes approximately, 211 impaired water bodies in Iowa. Sediment loading constitutes a significant source of water impairments for lakes, rivers, and streams throughout Iowa. However, sediment is not the only non-point source pollutant causing waterbody impairments. In addition to sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus loading are significant contaminants of surface water. Water body impairments due to sediment and nutrient loading can be minimized by shifting to conservation systems.