Dr. Macchia suggests the understanding of brokenness in four different subcategories. The first two originate in external factors such as suffering and heartache coming from unexpected natural circumstances or direct actions inflicted by others. The other two develop in internal realities such as sinfulness and imperfections associated with our wicked nature and wrong choices. No matter where brokenness may derive from, if understood correctly, the process of restoration is the same: waiting for God to bring hope anew for the redemptive transformation available to all.