The study of neuroanatomical and functional asymmetries has been the topic of considerable scientific debate and research. While early research primarily focused on neuropsychological investigations of clinical populations and analysis of postmortem materials, with the advent of noninvasive neuroimaging, it has afforded many advantages for comparative studies in primates. Here, we describe the various methods that have been used to quantify neuroanatomical and functional asymmetries in nonhuman primates and the results that have emerged from these studies. We further discuss the limitations of some of these methods and offer suggestions for future research.