This thesis investigated the nature and implications of particular welfare policies. It found that policies aimed at getting people into work in Australia and the UK between 1996 and 2011 had paternalistic characteristics. This can unjustly reduce people's autonomy and stigmatise them. However, conditions were identified that could legitimise such paternalistic policies, such as if good quality employment were available. The ultimate aim of the research was to identify and promote fair welfare policies, which also advance the well-being of disadvantaged people in society.