This chapter defines the role and responsibilities of researchers who are asked to evaluate alcohol and other drug (AOD) programs in American Indian communities and settings. Building on the framework provided in the previous chapter, it identifies the various conceptual, methodological, and procedural problems that evaporators may encounter in settings that are culturally different from their own. Topics such as gaining access, measurement equivalence, report writing, and dissemination of results are given specific attention. The chapter also highlights those factors that can assist in "bridging the gap" between those responsible for designing an evaluation protocol and those charged with designing and implementing prevention programs, and concludes that evaluation planning must be integrated into the planning of AOD programs in Indian communities.