Phonological processes and structures are often limited to a particular set of a language’s words, such as loanwords, Latinate words in English, or Yamato words in Japanese. Typically, the etymologically older, or “core” set of words is more restricted in the structures that it permits, and is (hence) subject to more processes. To capture such restrictions in Optimality Theory, Itô and Mester (1999) propose stratified grammars of the form in (1), where M stands for a Markedness constraint, and Faith stands for a faithfulness constraint. Faith-L1 is a lexically specific version of that faithfulness constraint (see also Pater 2000 for other arguments for lexically specific constraints).