As supplements to classical chemical insecticides, two approaches to develop recombinant baculovirus insecticides are described. In one approach an insect-specific toxin is expressed leading to a dramatic reduction in time to death. In the second approach an insect juvenile hormone esterase is expressed which leads to a reduction in feeding. Modifications of the wildtype esterase led to viruses which reduced the time to death as efffectively as did the toxin-expressing virus. In both cases existing recombinant viruses are viewed as leads, and approaches to further improvement in the engineered viruses are suggested. Many of these approaches are based on analogy with the development of classical synthetic insecticides. Using these viruses as examples, the potential utility and limitations of recombinant viruses and other biological insecticides are discussed.