This presentation will look at some key messages from the Australian results of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), both released at the end of 2013. PISA assessed the mathematical literacy of 15 year-olds around Australia, whilst PIAAC assessed the numeracy proficiency of adults aged 15–74. What do the two surveys assess and are they telling a similar story? How solid are Australia’s mathematical foundations and what do they say about teaching and learning? How do Australia’s results compare internationally with those leading the field? What are some of the research outcomes and implications for both policy and practice for schools and lifelong learning, including linking maths and life outside the classroom?