Failures, malfunctions, and damage affecting aircraft subsystems, as well as general environmental and dynamic upset conditions, have been consistently identified as the primary sources or aggravating circumstances of the majority of aviation accidents and incidents [1-3]. It is important to properly address safety under normal and abnormal operational conditions throughout the entire life cycle of aerospace systems, including design, production, maintenance, and operation [4], within an thoroughly conducted aircraft health management process [5-8]. Toward this objective, a new computational paradigm, mimicking the biological immune system, has been extended and implemented for aerospace applications in recent years. The formulation of an immunity-inspired framework for comprehensive and integrated system monitoring and control under normal and abnormal operation, specific methods and algorithms, and example implementations are presented in each chapter.