Metals and metalloids are obtained from the Earth’s crust and metallurgy is the art and science of obtaining these materials from ores and their fabrication into useful products. Minerals are processed to produce metals and these are treated further to produce different forms for engineering construction and every day use. The different areas of metallurgy can be divided into: mineral processing and metal processing. Mineral processing is divided into beneficiation and extractive metallurgy while metal processing is divided into: physical metallurgy, engineering metallurgy, mechanical metallurgy, and powder metallurgy. This article was published in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2019.