The Australian Government is supporting the Government of Vanuatu (GoV) through its Vanuatu Education Support Program (VESP) to undertake long-term education reforms. A key focus is the rollout of a new national curriculum in conjunction with the National Language Policy (2012), intended to introduce new content and pedagogies, better sequence content, and support the use of Bislama or the vernacular in the early grades. Together, these reforms are intended to improve teaching quality and student learning outcomes. The multi-year study was commissioned by the Australian Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), to investigate teaching and learning development initiatives in 3 countries: Lao PDR, Timor-Leste and Vanuatu. In Vanuatu, the Education Analytics Service (EAS) is investigating how VESP activities are making a difference to teaching and learning outcomes. The new primary curriculum has been rolled out to schools by year level, starting with Grade 1 in 2016. It is accompanied by the distribution of teaching and learning materials and training. Pedagogical approaches – such as student-centred learning, language transition and classroom-based assessment practices – aim to transform teaching and learning.