Abstract of Ph. D. Thesis Study of Interconnecting Issues of Photovoltaic/Wind Hybrid System with Electric Utility Using Artificial Intelligence By Eng. Adel A. Elbaset Submitted to Electrical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Elminia University The overall objective of PV and WES are to obtain electricity from the sun and wind that are cost competitive and even advantageous with respect to other energy sources. The global average insolation i.e. horizontal global and wind speed in Egypt are relatively good. The design of photovoltaic wind en¬ergy system hybrid power system (PV/WES HEPS) has many difficulties if we take all economical and technical parameters into account. This disserta¬tion has been presented a complete design and simulation of a PV/WES HEPS to be interconnected with Electric utility, EU. The design proposed of PV/WES HEPS has been based on energy balance and minimum price of gener¬ated kilo watt hour (kWh) for the system under study. The design based on maximum power point tracking for PV and WES by using an artificial intelli¬gence technique. The design methodology has been applied on Zafarâna site in Egypt. Many wind turbine generators (WTG) and PV mod¬ules type have been introduced to computer program to choose the best type and the penetration ratio for WTG and PV modules. The computer program can completely design the hybrid system and determine the hourly system pa¬rameters as power flow, DC output voltage from PV module and reliability of the system. This dissertation has been presented also a possible circuit topology and the controller design for a grid-connected DC-AC power converter. Artificial intelligence techniques, such as fuzzy logic and neural network are recently showing a lot of promise in the application of PV/WES HEPS to be interconnects with EU. In this dissertation we make study and describe not only a control strategy for interconnection of hybrid system with EU using artificial intelligence techniques but also a fuzzy logic tech-nique to calculate and assess the reliability index for each HEPS configura¬tion under study. The dissertation contains eight chapters which summarized as follows: Chapter 1 Presents the role and important need of renewable energies for to¬day and future especially PV and wind energies. It presents also an introduc¬tion for renewable energies and previous work. Chapter 2 introduces a proposed computer program for optimal design of a PV system to be interconnected with EU at M.P.P using neural network. It presents also methodologies for calculating the hourly solar radiation on tilted surfaces and design of each component of PV system. Chapter 3 presents an application of an artificial neural network on the operation con¬trol of the PV/EU to improve system efficiency and reliability. It introduces also a complete computer simu¬lation program of PV system interconnected with EU. Chapter 4 intro¬duces a proposed computer program for optimal design of a WES to be inter¬connected with EU at M. P. P using neural network. It presents also a complete methodology to obtain an optimum design of WES interconnected with EU to supply a load at any site in world. Chapter 5 introduces an application of an artificial neural network on the opera¬tion control of the WES/EU to improve system efficiency and reliability. It presents also a computer modeling, simulation, analysis of a variable speed WTG interconnected with EU. The computer simulation program is confirmed on a realistic circuit model which implemented in the Simulink environment of Matlab and works as if on line. Chapter 6 introduces a proposed computer program for optimal design of a PV sys¬tem, WES and PV/WES HEPS to be interconnected with EU to feed a load demand at any site in the world. It presents not only an application of an artificial neural network, ANN on the operation control and interconnec¬tion of the PV/WES interconnected with EU but also introduces a computer modeling, simulation, analysis of a HEPS interconnected with EU. Chapter 7 presents a complete study, from reliability point of view, to determine the impact of interconnecting PV, WES and PV/WES HEPS into EU. It also presents a fuzzy logic tech¬nique to calculate and assess the reliability index for each HEPS configura¬tion under study. Chapter 8 presents the conclusions and suggestions for future work. SUMMERY The thesis contains eight chapters summarized as follows:- Chapter 1 This chapter presents the role and important need of renewable energies for to¬day and future especially PV and wind energies. It also presents a brief description and utilization of major resources of renewable energy such as Photovoltaic, Wind, Hydropower, Biomass, Geothermal, Ocean and Fuel cell. Previous work on the design, modeling and summation of PV, WES and PV/WES HEPS are displayed. Chapter 2 This chapter introduces a proposed computer program for optimal design of a PV system to be interconnected with EU. The proposed computer program has been designed to determine an optimum number of PV modules based on maximum power point, MPPs, by using neural network for the system under study. Many PV module types have been introduced to computer program to choose the best type of PV module. The computer program can completely design the PV system interconnected with EU and determines the optimum operation hour by hour through the year. Then, it estimates the monthly surplus energy, monthly deficit energy and yearly purchase or selling energy to / or from EU. The decision from the computer program is based on minimum price of the generated kWh from the PV system and maximum power extracted from PV system. Maximum power output from PV system changes when solar radiation and temperature vary. Control is needed for the PV system to track the MPPs. This controller has been designed by neural network approach. Chapter 3 This chapter intro¬duces an application of an artificial neural network on the operation con¬trol of the PV/EU to improve system efficiency and reliability. There are two modes of PV system operation. Stand-alone PV system with battery storage and grid connected PV system without battery storage. This chapter focus on the operation control of a hybrid system consists of PV system accompanied with or without battery storage interconnected with EU taking into account the variation of solar radiation and load demand during the day. Different feed forward neural network architectures are trained and tested with data contain¬ing a variety of operation patterns. A simulation is carried out over one year us¬ing the hourly data of the load demand, insolation and temperature at Zafarâna site, Egypt as a case study. It introduces also a complete computer simu-lation program of PV system interconnected with EU. The proposed com-puter simulation uses hysteresis current control and instantaneous p-q (real- imaginary) power theory. A computer simulation program has been de¬signed to simulate phase voltage of the inverter leg, phase-to-phase voltage of the inverter leg, current in each IGBT's, DC input current to the inverter, AC out¬put current of the inverter that injected to the load/grid, load current, grid cur¬rent, power output of the inverter and finally power factor of the inverter. The DC input current represents the output of PV solar cell array for all sunlight conditions. The computer simulation program is confirmed on a realis¬tic circuit model implemented in the simulink environment of Matlab. Chapter 4 This chapter intro¬duces a proposed computer program for optimal design of a WES to be inter¬connected with EU. A proposed computer program has been designed to de¬termine an optimum number of WTG based on MPPs by using neural net¬work for the system under study. Many WTG types have been introduced to the computer program to choose the best type of WTG. By using the proposed computer program the WES components can be completely designed to be inter¬connected with EU. This program has a subroutine which by using it the op¬timum operation of WES can be determined hour by hour through the year. Then, the monthly surplus energy, monthly deficit energy and yearly purchase or selling energy to or from EU can be estimated. The decision from the com-puter program is based on minimum price of the generated kWh from the WES. Control is needed for the WTG to track the MPPs. This controller has been designed by neural network approach. Chapter 5 This chap¬ter introduces an application of an artificial neural network on the opera¬tion control of the WES/EU to improve system efficiency and reliability. The gen¬erated power from WTG has been calculated by a computer program un¬der known wind speed. The computer program which proposed here and ap¬plied to carry out these calculations is based on the minimization of the en¬ergy purchase from EU. This chapter focus on a hybrid system consists of WES accompanied with or without battery storage interconnected with elec¬tric utility taking into account the variation of wind speed and load demand dur¬ing the day. Different feed forward NN architectures are trained and tested with data containing a variety of operation patterns. A simulation is carried out over one year using the hourly data of the load demand, wind speed at El'Zafrana site, Egypt as a case study. This chapter introduces also a computer modeling, simulation, analysis of a variable speed WTG interconnected with EU. The proposed computer simulation program uses the instantaneous reac-tive power theory, IRPT. A computer simulation program has been designed to simulate phase voltage, line voltage of the inverter leg and current in each IGBT's. It also simulates AC output current from the inverter that injected to the load/grid, load current, grid current, power output from the inverter, power delivered to or from grid and finally power factor of the inverter and grid. The computer simulation program is confirmed on a realistic circuit model which implemented in the Simulink environment of Matlab and works as if on line. Chapter 6 This chapter introduces a proposed computer program for optimal design of a PV sys¬tem, WES and PV/WES HEPS to be interconnected with EU. The com¬puter program has been designed to determine optimum number of PV mod¬ules and optimum number of WTG's based on MPPs by using NN for the sys¬tem under study. Many WTG and PV module types have been introduced to the computer program to choose the best type and the penetration ratio for WTG and PV modules. The computer program can completely design the hy¬brid system interconnected with EU and determines the optimum operation hour by hour through the year. Then, it estimates the monthly surplus energy, monthly deficit energy and yearly purchase or selling energy to or from EU. The decision from the computer program is based on minimum price of the gener¬ated kWh from the system. This chapter presents also an application of an artificial neural network, ANN on the operation control and interconnec¬tion of the PV/WES interconnected with EU. Different FFNN architectures have been trained and tested with data containing a variety of operation pat¬terns. This chapter introduces also a computer modeling, simulation, analysis of a HEPS interconnected with EU. A computer simulation program has been de¬signed to simulate all quantities of HEPS such as phase voltage of the in¬verter leg and current in each IGBT's for PV and WTG. It also simulates AC out¬put current of the inverter that injected to the load/grid, load current, grid cur¬rent, power output from PV and WTG, power delivered to or from grid and finally power factor of the inverter for PV, WTG and grid. The computer simulation program is confirmed on a realistic circuit model which imple¬mented in the Simulink environment of Matlab and works as if on line. Chapter 7 This chapter presents a complete study, from reliability point of view, to determine the impact of interconnecting PV/WES HEPS into EU. Four different configurations of PV/WES/EU have been investigated and a com-parative study between these four different configurations has been car-ried out. The overall system is divided into three subsystems, containing the EU, PV and WES. The generation capacity outage table has been built for each configuration of these subsystems. These capacity outage tables of EU, PV/EU, WES/EU and PV/WES/EU are calculated and updated to incorporate their fluctuating energy production. This chapter also presents a fuzzy logic tech¬nique to calculate and assess the reliability index for each HEPS configura¬tion under study. Chapter 8 This chapter presents the conclusions and suggestions for future work.