Teachers and college level instructors in Florida CA are also encountering many of the same issues that are challenging California schools and colleges. Yendol-Hoppey and Tilford explore the difficulties that challenge teachers at the USF professional development school and partnership schools as they try to teach social studies, currently an untested subject in Florida, under unsupportive conditions. They elucidate on the four dilemmas of practice that teachers face when trying to engage in social studies teaching in a high stakes testing environment.