The 1996 Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act expanded authority for agroenvironmental subsidies and created opportunities for improved program performance (Kuch and Ogg). The act, however, has at least one major shortcoming: provisions for technology R & D that lower the long-run cost of agroenvironmental management are absent. This paper looks beyond FAIR to a quiet revolution in agroenvironmental management in which technology innovation becomes crucial (Batie). It highlights two trends that signal a turn from primary reliance on federal subsidies to larger roles for the states and the private sector...