Broadly construed, reflection and debate over the relationship between the church and modernity was one of the defining features of 20th-century Catholicism, culminating but certainly not ending with the Second Vatican Council. This trajectory had a number of facets—theological, philosophical, political—all of which have been explored by a growing literature on the period. James Chappel’s Catholic Modern represents a key contribution to understanding the relationship between Catholicism and political modernity as experienced particularly in the decades before and immediately after the Second World War.