The combination of advances in cognitive neuroscience & the development of powerful, yet portable, devices are enabling real-time assessments in education. Electroencephalography (EEG) & functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) are two such neuroimaging tools being explored during instruction, with a current focus on student attention, engagement, & cognitive load. Neural synchrony has been linked with successful knowledge transfer, social interaction quality, engagement level, & shared attention. These studies, along with ergonomic considerations, are the focus of this literature review. Real-time learning assessments can optimize both teacher & student performance & satisfaction. A tailored instruction has the potential to create optimal learning experiences & more-proactively address learning difficulties.