Australia is one of the participating countries in the Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills (ATC21S) project. This chapter provides information about how the research and development phases of the project were implemented in Australia. This chapter begins with a discussion of the context of education in Australia with particular attention focusing on moves with Australia toward curriculum or system changes recognising the importance of 21st century skills. This is followed by a description of how the ATC21S implementation was devolved to government departments or research institutions. The four processes of task concept check, cognitive laboratory, pilot and trial are covered, and are followed by a discussion of the challenges experienced. [Author abstract]