The approaches used for bone repair problems encountered in fracture treatment, joint replacement revision surgery and spinal fusion procedures including utilization of autografts, allografts and synthetic grafts were described. The scaffolds with grafted biological groups and both cellular adhesion and osteogenic cell differentiation were also analyzed. The adhesion of K 100 cells to 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and RGD on APTES were determined to examine the roles of non-specific and specific forces on αvβ3 integrin-mediated cell adhesion. The biomaterials designed with positively-charged surfaces could amplify the effectiveness of tethered RGD peptides to stimulate cell activity.