For more than one hundred years, the story of U.S. engagement with the World Court has been one of leadership but mixed consent and compliance, and poor internalization, driven by a combination of changing global politics and an enduring fundamental distrust of foreign intrusion into the U.S. system of government (particularly its law and judiciary). These characteristics of U.S. interactions with the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) and its successor, the International Court of Justice (ICJ). As the attitudes and experiences of other countries with international judiciaries have changed, these characters make the United States increasingly an outlier.