Most cities' off-street parking requirements were codified during America's post-World War II growth and suburbanization. Today, we are in the midst of an urban housing affordabilit y cri sis, and outdated municipal parking requirements are partly to blame. Our recent research analyzed the affordability effects of parking provisions on America 's urban renters. We find that parking requirements impose a high cost on renters, and particularly on lowincome carless renters, who collectively spend more than $400 million dollars annually on parking that they may not even need or want.