Osteoporosis is a common condition that can affect both men and women, typically after the fourth decade of life. Often, physicians advise patients diagnosed with osteoporosis to exercise, but frequently offer no specifics. By gaining a sound understanding of the mechanism involved with osteoporosis, the exercise professional will be better suited to design exercise and injury prevention programs for this client population. The purpose of this manuscript is to define osteoporosis, review the diagnostic process, and discuss treatment options with an emphasis on exercise interventions.