Dr. Braun is currently focused on understanding how exercise, dietary energy/composition and/or pharmacological agents interact to mediate insulin resistance and the risk for Type-2 diabetes. The American Diabetes Association is our major source of funding for work on how the combination of exercise and/or the drug metformin impact glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity at the cellular and whole-body levels. We also use stable isotope tracers to measure the regulation of substrate kinetics during exercise. Recent studies include the effects of concurrent energy surplus and exercise on insulin sensitivity, the net impact of high body fat and high cardiorespiratory fitness in women, and the utility of alternative carbohydrates to maintain optimal blood glucose control in humans with Type-2 diabetes.