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<title>Stephen R Bowers</title>
<copyright>Copyright (c) 2011  All rights reserved.</copyright>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers</link>
<description>Recent documents in Stephen R Bowers</description>
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<lastBuildDate>Thu, 25 Aug 2011 01:51:14 PDT</lastBuildDate>
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<title>The Polish Military in the Twentieth Century</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/41</link>
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<pubDate>Wed, 24 Aug 2011 12:54:06 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>Stephen Bowers</author>


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<title>Arkhonskaya: A Terek Cossack Community</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/40</link>
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<pubDate>Wed, 24 Aug 2011 06:13:12 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>Stephen Bowers et al.</author>


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<title>Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/39</link>
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<pubDate>Wed, 24 Aug 2011 06:13:11 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>Stephen R. Bowers</author>


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<title>The Politics of Perceptions</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/38</link>
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<pubDate>Mon, 04 Jan 2010 10:59:41 PST</pubDate>
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<author>Stephen R. Bowers et al.</author>


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<title>Stalinism in Albania: Domestic Affairs under Enver Hoxha</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/37</link>
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<pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 06:28:22 PST</pubDate>
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<author>Stephen R. Bowers</author>


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<title>Pinochet’s Plebiscite and the Catholics: The Dual Role of the Chilean Church</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/35</link>
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<pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 06:28:22 PST</pubDate>
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<author>Stephen R. Bowers</author>


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<title>Law and Lawlessness in a Socialist Society: The Potential Impact of Crime in East Germany</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/36</link>
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<pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 06:28:22 PST</pubDate>
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<author>Stephen R. Bowers</author>


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<title>Contrast and Continuity: Honecker’s Policy toward the Federal Republic and West Berlin</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/34</link>
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<pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 06:28:21 PST</pubDate>
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<author>Stephen R. Bowers</author>


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<title>Soviet and Post-Soviet Environmental Problems</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/33</link>
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<pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 06:28:13 PST</pubDate>
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	<p>With the collapse of Communist power in the Soviet Union, considerable attention has focused on the lessons produced by the experiment with Marxist socialism in the Russian empire and what we might regard as the legacies of Communism. One of the most highly visible legacies of that system is a pattern of environmental neglect that stretches from the Baltics to the Kamchatka peninsula. As a public issue, ecology only emerged in the final years of communist rule in the USSR, initially as part of Gorbachev's glasnost and, later, as a component of the country's increasingly vocal nationalist movements. A radioactive explosion in Tomsk-7 in April, 1 993,1 served as a reminder that the system which produced Chernobyl had not disappeared but had simply been passed on to the successors of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, who now faced an ecological nightmare inherited from the old regime. This paper is an examination of the appearance of ecological concerns as a public issue, the often inadequate response of the system to those concerns, what that response revealed about the changing Soviet system, and, finally, the environmental situation which faces the post-Communist leadership of what was the Soviet Union.</p>

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<author>Stephen R. Bowers</author>


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<title>Identification of Transnational Threats</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/32</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 04 Dec 2009 06:57:35 PST</pubDate>
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	<p>In the past, the starting point for threat identification was the nation state. Today, national boundaries have lost much of their significance and global forces lacking identifiable national frontiers represent a real threat to US security.</p>
<p>New technologies have facilitated the development of advanced terrorist methodologies and tactics.</p>
<p>A new and increasingly significant threat is hostile forces which operate within the borders of states which are friendly to the United States.</p>
<p>American universities are increasingly vulnerable to new transnational threats by virtue of the opportunities they present for acquisition of dual use technological skills.</p>
<p>With its new cellular structure, terrorism has been privatized, is more difficult to counter, and enjoys great access to funds, weapons, and training.</p>
<p>The broad anti-war coalition has created threats to the US critical infrastructure in connection with “direct action” against the Iraqi war.</p>
<p>In one year alone, computer criminals funneled over 2.6 billion dollars out of Russia through Cyprus.</p>
<p>Traffic in false documents constitutes an especially significant threat to our critical infrastructure and has become more serious with technological advances that have eased the production of such documents.</p>
<p>The rise of identity theft, an important variation of traffic in false documents, threatens to undermine an important infrastructure base.</p>

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<author>Stephen R. Bowers et al.</author>


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<title>The West Berlin Issue in the Era of Superpower Detente: East Germany and the Politics of West Berlin, 1968-1974</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/31</link>
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<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 09:46:35 PST</pubDate>
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	<p>While East Germany has been regarded since 1949 as the most subservient of the USSR's allies, developments in the latter part of. the last decade, especially with regard to the West Berlin question, worked in such a way as to impel the GDR's leadership to attempt to assume a more important position within the Bloc. The intention of the Ulbricht government was not to achieve independence from the .USSR, but rather to elevate itself to a status from which it could exercise a veto over certain elements of Soviet policy. The area of greatest concern to Ulbricht was the Soviet policy toward the West. The USSR's pursuit of a policy of detente with the West, which required a demonstration of Communist "goodwill" on the West Berlin problem, was viewed by the Ulbricht regime as a threat to the vital interests of the GDR.</p>
<p>In the years after 1968, the West Berlin issue came to represent an increasingly divisive matter in relations between the GDR and the USSR. Ulbricht's reluctance to allow a demonstration of Soviet good intentions in West Berlin ultimately led to his removal as First Secretary of the SED in 1971. He was replaced by Erich Honecker, a man who has consistently exhibited his desire to bring the GDR to a position of more thorough compliance with Soviet wishes. In this effort, Honecker has demonstrated, as Ulbricht also did, the close relationship between foreign policy questions such as West Berlin and domestic considerations. The GOR's efforts to develop a sense of national consciousness in recent years illustrates the .impact that foreign and domestic matters have upon each other.</p>

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<author>Stephen R. Bowers</author>


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<title>Information Warfare: The Computer Revolution is Altering How Future Wars will be Conducted</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/30</link>
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<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 08:55:25 PST</pubDate>
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<author>Stephen R. Bowers</author>


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<title>Review: Options on the Berlin Problem A Review Article</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/29</link>
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<pubDate>Tue, 22 Sep 2009 06:19:09 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>Few post-War European disputes have received greater long-term attention that the question of the division of Berlin. During numerous crises, Berlin has been regarded as the greatest existing threat to peace and during the era of detente it has been touted as a barometer of East-West relations. There has always been considerable rhetoric about the need to "resolve" the Berlin problem or, as Khrushchev said, to "normalise" the Berlin situation. The 1971 Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin has been seen by many as an important step in the long approach to a solution. The contributions of this agreement are carefully examined by Honore M. Catudal, Jr. in A Balance Sheet of the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin (Berlin: Berlin Verlag, 1978). Although the scope of Catudal's study is narrow, his examination does help the reader chart the evolution of the Berlin situation in terms of several scenarios for possible resolution of this problem.</p>

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<author>Stephen R. Bowers</author>


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<title>Hungary: Soviet Forces Out, New Policies In</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/28</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2009 07:57:20 PDT</pubDate>
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<title>Introduction: Issues of Post-Communist Transition</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/27</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2009 07:57:19 PDT</pubDate>
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<title>Honecker’s Legacy</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/26</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2009 07:57:18 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>Stephen R. Bowers</author>


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<title>Tibet: Endurance of the National Idea</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/25</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2009 07:57:17 PDT</pubDate>
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<title>East European Reactions to the Polish December</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/24</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2009 07:57:17 PDT</pubDate>
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<title>Technology and Terrorism: The New Threat for the Millennium</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/22</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2009 07:57:15 PDT</pubDate>
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<title>Moldovia: The Transformation of Post-Soviet Society: Philosophical and Political Considerations</title>
<link>http://works.bepress.com/stephen_bowers/21</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2009 07:57:14 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>Vasile Nedelciuc et al.</author>


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