Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected through an online survey. Consumer choice was measured through three sets of questions built on Likert scales to identify individuals' evaluation of importance placed on the eight attributes, when making a choice, and level of satisfaction with those, both for purchasing and downloading. Two logistic regression models are developed using background characteristics and responses to these three sets of questions. The consumer choice between purchasing digital music and downloading through unauthorised channels was analysed in regards to eight product-specific attributes.

Findings – The results show that illegal downloaders expect a similar utility from both channels, while others tend to have a more positive attitude towards their chosen channel (i.e. purchasing). Background characteristics such as age, gender, education, and income show some relevance to the choice of music downloading channel. Regarding the importance attributed to and satisfaction from the eight product attributes, security of the source, variety of available music, quality, copyright, and legitimacy of the source are found to be significant in determining the choice.

Practical implications – This study is likely to guide digital music providers in designing their marketing plans using key attributes and consumer perceptions.

Originality/value – This is a rare study of downloading behaviour in the UK using a mixed population sample which is not dominated by students. Findings question the weight of price in decision making.

Information on immigration flow and stocks are not systematically and regularly reported in Turkey. Statistics on in-ternational migration are not readily available as they are reported in a rather scattered fashion; in fact, a variety of government departments including Turk-Stat, General Directorate of Citizenship and Population, State Planning Organisation, General Directorate of Security and their respective websites must be accessed to obtain basic summaries.

General Directorate of Security records (i.e. residence permits, asylum and refugee registers, border registers) are main-tained for administrative purposes and constitute the basis for most statistics on international migration.

These registers describe the number of legal permanent and temporary residents, refugees and asylum seekers, and naturalized citizens. However, these registers are limited by conceptual problems and confused reporting, undercounts, and information gaps. A key problem is the absence of systematic follow ups. Once the immigrants are in country, there are very few tools to update their records. Thus, there is also a known large difference between the residence permit holders register and Address Based Population Registration System records.

The definition of migration used in data collection and statistics needs to be adjusted according to UN and EU recommendations to distinguish short term and long term immigrants.

The resident status questions in censuses and surveys are likely to be perceived sensitive and should not be used to avoid inaccurate and misleading responses.

There are also information gaps for international migration flows. More and detailed information needs to be reported for new residents with temporary (students, trainees, researchers, etc.) long term or permanent resident statuses. The border statistics, and to an extent residence registers are difficult to tally accurately because the record keeping systems are not designed to identify reentries as well as exits.

It is important to use different and complimentary data to ensure reliability of immigration data. Such triangulation was also recommended in THESIM project.

Thus this report recommends a) creation of a single ministry or department to deal with all citizenship, residency, immigration issues in a more coherent fashion which will also require a revision of immigration and citizenship laws into a sin-gle code or act; b) in the short and medium term, better coordination of immigration data flows from all relevant departments to TurkStat who is responsible to analysis, reporting and dissemination; c) a content and method harmonisation of data collection forms to ensure all government departments collecting the basic residency and demographic infor-mation to identify mobility; d) reintroduction of landing and departure cards with intended duration of stay, citizenship and purpose of stay questions added along with basic demographic information; e) systematic evaluation and development of follow up procedures and in-country checks to update data on immigrants in Turkey; f) carrying out systematic and periodic passenger surveys to analyze migration patterns and make policy recommendations to the related public authorities and planners; g) encouraging universities and research institutes to use the data produced by TurkStat and col-laborate with them to enhance and improve systems in place.

This country study builds on the work carried out in the TurkStat and presents conclusions following a review of:

- publicly available material on improving migration statistics in other countries;

- discussions with practitioners who are involved in collection and dissemination of migration data and producers of the data from a range of government organisations;

- examination of data and statistics from TurkStat and other institutions;

- examination of unpublished reports and papers from TurkStat;

- discussions with the experts in Turk-Stat;

- a review of migration statistics literature.

The two international migration surveys were conducted in Iraq and Turkey respectively. The one conducted in Iraq targeted Iraqi Turkmen households in major cities and towns in the North and Bagdad. The chosen areas where sizeable Turkmen populations exist were surveyed by a random sampling method employed in the field. Although 1500 households were aimed to reach, our field teams were only able to complete questionnaires in a total of 1040 households. About one third of the households were identified as migrant households where at least a member of the household is a migrant or was once a migrant. This is a far higher figure than in many traditional migrant sending countries.

The second survey was carried out almost simultaneously in major cities in Turkey, again by considering where large Turkmen immigrant communities exist. A total of 161 questionnaires were completed most of whom were randomly selected from Iraqi Turkmen Front registers while convenience sampling was used to reach respondents in Istanbul.

In line with my conflict model of migration, Iraqi Turkmen migration is following a pattern that corresponds to lows and peaks of various conflicts and degree of intensity of conflict in Iraq over the time. Turkmen’s perception of relative security in Turkey and other destination countries in comparison to relative insecurity in Iraq is the key driver in their international migration experiences. Apparently background variables such as age, gender, income, education and employment are all playing their part in the decision making. Nevertheless, the wars Iraqis have faced and suffered from during the last two or three decades drew the line between moving and not moving as well as deciding when to move. The largest portion of outmigration took place after 1990.

It was found that Turkmen is a well-educated population with a high tendency to move abroad, particularly to Turkey due to historical and cultural ties. Possibly in response to the tightening immigration admission regimes across the board, as many as 50 per cent of all Turkmen migrants crossed borders without necessary papers or overstayed their permits and visas.

This study presents a story of an unsettled minority population in Iraq and indicates high emigration pressures felt by Turkmen. Given the current uncertainty prevailing in Iraq, one would expect many more have left since our fieldwork and many more are likely to flee their homes in the future unless a multi-ethnic peace is secured in the country.

Sunuş .... 7

Önsöz - Aykut Toros.... 9

Göç Halindeki Nüfusun Güvenliği - Hisae Nakanishi.... 13

Türkmen Göçü - Ibrahim Sirkeci.... 27

Dağlık Karabağ Savaşı - Hatem Cabbarli.... 43

MIGRATION IN CONFLICT AREAS

Introduction ..... 7

Foreword by Aykut Toros ..... 9

Human Security of “People on the Move” by Hisae Nakanishi..... 11

Migration of Turkmen by Ibrahim Sirkeci..... 29

The Daglık Karabakh War by Hatem Cabbarli.... 47

Turkiye'de goc hareketlerinin bir analizi.

This study analyses the demographic patterns and related socio-economic characteristics of Turkey’s Kurdish population and compares the findings with the entire population of Turkey. The results indicate that the Kurdish population is currently in a pre-transitional stage in terms of the demographic patterns and constitutes with regard to both its demography and socio-economic characteristics the least developed portion of the whole population in Turkey.

This investigation is mainly based on the Turkish Demographic Health Survey (TDHS) and on the previous literature on Kurds. The principal aim of this study is to present the current situation of the Kurdish population in Turkey. In this regard, it provides an objective, initial exploration of the Kurdish population based on accurate data collected through a nation-wide survey.

This paper highlights the changes in immigration patterns of Turkish Kurdish immigrants in Cologne, Germany with particular reference to ethnic conflict’s influence on international migration. Along with dynamics of ethnic conflict, changes in admission rules are also linked to shift in types and mechanisms of migration during the last four decades of Turkish migration to Germany. A brief account of Turkish migration to Germany and Cologne and immigrants residential distribution is given following the reflections on the field research in Cologne.