This report examines the influence of a range of factors on the literacy and numeracy achievement levels of Year 9 students in Australia. The data were obtained from students in the first wave of LSAY and were analysed using hierarchical linear modelling to account for the sample design of LSAY. Modelling procedures followed a theoretical construct, incorporating variables believed to be important influences on achievement in literacy and numeracy. In addition, variables were selected to ensure consistency between cohorts and between literacy and numeracy. Included in the analyses were variables relating to students (gender, Indigenous background, language background, home location), their parents (education level, occupation, birthplace), attitudes toward school, aspirations and self-concept.