Entrochemical systems are systems capable of generating internal thermal gradients through internal

water movements which simultaneously transfer get of vaporization between internal water reservoirs. These systems move to a chemical equilibrium state that generates and maintains a thermal gradient. Entrochemical thermal batteries (ETB) can be constructed which extend the thermal gradient of a single cell through an additive process. Such systems can deliver useful work. Additionally solutions used therein may be recharged passively using environmental heat.

We describe the design and function of a bench-scale water heater capable of heating a small water

reservoir. The system is powered by an ETB. We characterize its function utilizing ETBs of one and three cells. We calculate peak wattage of 99.17 W for a single cell system and peak wattage of 72.39 W across a three-cell array. The limited change in wattage across an array compared to a single cell indicates that the overall wattage is dominated by a single-cell performance rather than dynamics introduced by the array.