This is the chapter on small-scale aquaculture within a volume intended as a guide for practitioners engaged in sustainable rural livelihood and food production projects in the developing world. Included in this chapter on aquaculture are fundamentals of aquaculture water quality, selection of sites and construction methods for fish ponds, and management techniques for carp and tilapia which are nutritious and easy to grow in artisanal ponds. The fundamentals of cage culture of fish is also covered, along with the fundamentals of culturing oysters and other molluscan shellfish in coastal waters.