Mary Pritchard Copyright (c) 2012 All rights reserved. http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard Recent documents in Mary Pritchard en-us Sun, 15 Jan 2012 01:34:42 PST 3600 Do Exercise Motives Predict Obligatory Exercise? http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/47 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/47 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 14:55:04 PST Few studies have examined whether factors predicting obligatory exercise differ by gender. 303 participants completed the Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire and the Reason for Exercise Inventory. All variables correlated significantly. However, the correlation between exercising for fitness and obligatory exercise was significantly stronger in women than men. In women, obligatory exercise was predicted by exercising to improve body tone, fitness, and to enhance mood; in men, obligatory exercise was predicted by exercising to improve body tone, enjoyment, and perceived attractiveness. Implications for treatment are discussed.

]]> Mary Pritchard et al. Are Midterms Bad for Faculty? http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/46 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/46 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 08:32:32 PST Previous studies found that student health is adversely affected by examination stress. We compared faculty and student stress and health during midterm examination week. Although faculty and students reported similarly high levels of stress, fatigue, anger, vigor, and negative moods, faculty reported fewer physical health symptoms and less tension, depression, and confusion. These results may be due to differences in coping strategies. Faculty need to be aware that they are not immune to health-related issues at midterm examination time.

]]> Mary E. Pritchard et al. Gender Differences in Disordered Eating and its Correlates http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/45 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/45 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 08:32:28 PST The goal of this study was to examine gender differences in the prevalence of disordered eating and body dissatisfaction as well as examine gender differences in several risk factors: mass media, self-esteem and perfectionism. Three hundred fifty-three undergraduates completed surveys about their body dissatisfaction, disordered eating habits, exposure to and influence of mass media, self-esteem and perfectionistic tendencies. As expected, women experienced more symptoms of disordered eating as well as body dissatisfaction than did their male counterparts. There were also gender differences in the risk factors. For women, mass media, self-esteem, and perfectionism related to disordered eating behaviors, whereas for men, only perfectionism and mass media related to disordered eating behaviors. For women, mass media and self-esteem related to body image dissatisfaction, whereas for men, mass media and perfectionism related to body image dissatisfaction. The results of the present study indicate that risk factors for disordered eating and body dissatisfaction for men and women may be different, which has implications for understanding the etiology of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating and for possible treatment interventions.

]]> Jenna E. Elgin et al. Individual Differences in Adolescent Health Symptoms: The Effects of Gender and Coping http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/44 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/44 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 08:32:24 PST Previous studies have suggested that adult men and women experience different types and severities of physical and psychological health symptoms. This study examined whether in the case of adolescents these reported gender differences in physical and psychological health symptoms could actually be the result of differences in coping styles. Five hundred and forty-six adolescents were questioned on their coping styles and symptoms. We found gender differences in physical and psychological health symptoms (e.g. anger, depression, tension, negative moods), as well as in coping styles. We also found that the relation between health symptoms and coping varied significantly by gender. The results of this study suggest that doctors, school counselors and family therapists may want to take gender differences in coping styles into account when seeing adolescent patients for physical or psychological health symptoms, and find ways to help the adolescents cope more effectively with their stressors.

]]> Gregory S. Wilson et al. Comparing Sources of Stress in College Student Athletes and Non-Athletes http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/43 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/43 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 08:32:21 PST The transition from high school to college can be stressful for any student (Hudd et al., 2000; Pritchard, Wilson, & Yamnitz, 2004), but recent evidence suggests that athletes may experience even greater levels of stress due to the dual demands of athletics and academics placed on them during their freshman year. Lazarus and Folkman (1996) have defined stress as the negative feeling that occurs when an individual feels unable to cope with the demands placed upon them by their environment. For the matriculating freshman student athlete, these demands may at times seem overwhelming.

]]> Gregory S. Wilson et al. The Relationship between Gender, Type of Sport, Body Dissatisfaction, Self Esteem and Disordered Eating Behaviors in Division I Athletes http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/42 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/42 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 08:32:17 PST The present study examined whether gender, type of sport (lean v. non-lean), body dissatisfaction and self esteem were associated with disordered eating behaviors in Division I college athletes. More female than male athletes displayed disordered eating behaviors; approximately one-quarter of the population was at risk for a clinically diagnosable eating disorder. The results also revealed that females in non-lean sports (basketball, tennis, golf, soccer, and skiing) and males in lean sports (track, wrestling) displayed the highest level of disordered eating behavior and body dissatisfaction. Finally, results showed that for women, disordered eating behaviors were predicted in order by: body dissatisfaction, self esteem and type of sport (lean v. non-lean), whereas for men, disordered eating behaviors were only predicted by body dissatisfaction. Information from this study will be useful for coaches and athletic trainers hoping to design interventions for athletes suffering from disordered eating behaviors.

]]> BreeAnn Milligan et al. Does Integrative Restoration (iRest) Meditation Decrease Perceived Stress Levels and Negative Moods in School Counselors? http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/41 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/41 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 08:32:08 PST Research suggests that many counselors experience stress in the workplace. In fact, Sears and Navin (1983) reported that 14.8% of school counselors viewed counseling as “very stressful,” 50.4% rated it “moderately stressful,” and 30.1% found it “mildly stressful.” In addition, Arvay and Uhlemann (1996) reported that 16% of counselors working with trauma patients felt that they were highly psychologically fatigued. Just over a quarter (26%) reported that they were dissatisfied with their level of productivity at work, and 14% claimed to experience extreme stress levels similar to patients who have post-traumatic stress disorder.

]]> Bobbie Birdsall et al. Environment, Health, & Nursing Practice http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/40 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/40 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 08:31:54 PST The purpose of this study was to explore the connection nurses see between the environment and health concerns of their patients. The study surveyed registered nurses (RNs) in a western state to determine whether they evalu-ated themselves as knowledgeable about environmental health (EH) hazards and if they felt prepared by their nursing curriculum to share this information with their patients. The study replicates a survey of Wisconsin nurses concerning issues related to EH knowledge among RNs in Idaho. Data from 170 respondents to a mailed survey indicated that although nurses agreed that they should be knowledgeable about EH hazards, few were adequately prepared. Overall, many nurses felt unprepared from their nursing curricula to address EH issues in the field. Corrective measures are discussed.

]]> Patt Elison-Bowers et al. Facilitating Preventative Mental Health Interventions for College Students: Institutional and Individual Strategies http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/39 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/39 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 08:31:51 PST The college student experience, although often exciting, empowering, and invigorating, can also be stressful, anxiety producing, and lonely (e.g., Kohn and Frazer, 1986; Miller and Rice, 1993). Many colleges and universities have an infrastructure in place to assist students who experience mental health problems, including counseling centers and personnel who provide mental health services and make referrals for students to specialized mental health providers (e.g., psychiatrists) (Stone and Archer, 1990; Tyrrell, 1997). Unfortunately, most mental health services that are offered on college campuses seem treatment-oriented in nature; they are deliberately created to assist students who have already developed at least some level of psychological dysfunction. We propose that preventative interventions can be developed on college campuses to help individuals develop proactive behaviors and coping strategies to avoid mental health problems, and that these interventions can be focused at either the individual level, by instructing students on ways to develop strong study and time management skills, establish social supports, and maximize their academic success, or at the institutional level, by offering structural resources to help facilitate student success and mental wellness. The purpose of this chapter will be to discuss prevalent mental health problems among college students and the causes and consequences of these problems, as well as to outline some of these individual- and institutional-level preventative mental health interventions. We show the benefits of such preventative approaches relative to standard treatment-oriented approaches, and to encourage administrators and faculty to promote psychological wellness rather than simply treat fully manifested psychopathology.

]]> Theodore W. McDonald et al. Factors Influencing Body Image in Female Adolescent Athletes: [1] http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/38 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/38 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 08:31:48 PST Recent research has noted an increase in body image dissatisfaction among adolescents and adults. One group that seems to be particularly at risk for body image dissatisfaction is female athletes. However, few studies have examined what factors might influence body image dissatisfaction in female athletes. The present study surveyed 146 female high school athletes to determine which factors influence their body image. We found that body image related to several physical and psychological health variables, including physical ailments, negative health habits, stress, fatigue, anger, tension, depression, confusion, negative affect, and use of ineffective coping styles. Finally, several parental health habits related to female body image including maternal smoking and maternal and paternal nutrition habits. In sum, coaches and parents need to emphasize healthy habits, as well as effective coping strategies when dealing with female athletes. In addition, parents must realize the impact they have on their daughter's body image.

]]> Mary Pritchard et al. Peer Influence: Use of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Prescription Medications http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/37 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/37 Fri, 28 Oct 2011 09:09:30 PDT Objective: Risk-taking behavior (e.g., alcohol abuse, tobacco usage, misuse of prescription medications) among college students is a widespread problem. Our study focused not only on the frequency of risky health behaviors in college students, but also the companions with whom they engaged in such behaviors.

Methods: Three hundred and twelve college students completed a survey examining the frequency with which they engaged in alcohol, tobacco, and improper prescription medication use, as well as with whom they were most likely to engage in these behaviors.

Results: Results indicated that participants were most likely to take health risks when accompanied by someone they consider a friend. Results also indicated gender differences in risk taking behaviors, as well as an interaction effect between companion and gender.

Conclusions: This information would be useful when developing preventive interventions for college students. Implementing interventions which are specific to certain populations might generate greater success in reducing risk-taking behavior.

]]> Mary E. Pritchard et al. Motivation, Goal Orientation, Coaching, and Training Habits of Women Ultrarunners http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/36 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/36 Fri, 28 Oct 2011 09:09:28 PDT Ultrarunners participate in running events that exceed the 26.2 mile marathon distance (e.g., 50 K, 50-100 miles). Very little research exists on ultrarunners, especially women. The present study is a descriptive study detailing the motivation, goal orientation, demographic characteristics (e.g., age, job demands, family structure), training habits (e.g., hours per week of training), and coach utilization of women ultrarunners. Participants (N = 344) were recruited via the Ultra Listserve and four popular ultrarunning websites, and they completed a questionnaire on motivation, goal orientation, training, and coaching using Survey Monkey. General health orientation (mean + SD) (4.71 ± 1.06) and psychological coping (4.71 ± 1.03) were the two strongest motivational factors. Participants were higher in task-orientation (1.38 ± .68) (e.g., finishing the race or accomplishing various goals) than ego- orientation (3.38 ± 1.01) (e.g., placing in the top 3 overall or beating an opponent). Women trained an average of 12.49 hours a week and spent 64% of their time training alone. Training information came from their own experience, blogs, websites, and the Ultra List Serve. Over three-fourths of the participants (80%) did not use a coach because of cost and a perceived lack of necessity. Women ultrarunners in this study were task-oriented, internally motivated, health and financially conscious individuals. With additional information about women ultrarunners, coaches will be better prepared to work with this population and ultrarunners can improve their performance by learning about current participants' practices.

]]> Rhonna Z. Krouse et al. What Predicts Drive for Muscularity in College Students? http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/35 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/35 Mon, 22 Aug 2011 10:02:23 PDT While research has established that men tend to exhibit greater levels of DFM than women, little research has examined the relation between DFM and other forms of disordered eating and exercise behaviors. Study 1 examined the influence of disordered eating and obligatory exercise on DFM in male and female college students. In women, DFM was related to eating concern and obligatory exercise; whereas in men, DFM was related to obligatory exercise and shape concern. Study 2 examined the influence of exercise motivations and body dissatisfaction on DFM in male and female college students. In women, DFM was predicted by personal goal achievement exercise motives, exercising to cope, and dissatisfaction with specific body areas. In men, DFM was predicted by appearance orientation, personal goal achievement, affiliation, and recognition exercise motives.

]]> Mary Pritchard et al. The Relationship Between Exercise Frequency and Mood Disturbance in College Students http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/34 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/34 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 07:40:59 PDT Gregory S. Wilson et al. Factors Relating to Nutritional Supplement Use in College Students: Do the Same Motives Apply to Athletes and Non-Athletes? http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/33 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/33 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 07:40:58 PDT Gregory S. Wilson et al. Are Private Counselors Comfortable Treating Combat-Related Trauma? http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/32 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/32 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 07:40:56 PDT Between 40% and 90% of Americans will experience at least one traumatic event at some point in their lifetime (Breslau et al., 1998; Ford, Stockton, Kaltman, & Green, 2006; Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995; Resnick, Falsetti, Kilpatrick, & Freedy, 1996), with an adult average of four traumatic events (Breslau et al., 1998). However, certain subgroups of the population may be even more vulnerable to experiencing traumatic events and to developing a trauma-related mental health issue. In particular, over half of individuals with combat experience will develop a serious mental health issue; this number may jump as high as 96% depending upon the war in question (Sutker & Allain, 1996). Furthermore, the greater the intensity of the traumatic exposure to war, the greater the likelihood that an individual will develop a serious mental health issue as a result of their war-related trauma (Sutker, Uddo-Crane, & Allain, 1991).

]]> Bobbie A. Birdsall et al. Comparisons of Risky Health Behaviors Between Male and Female College Athletes and Non-Athletes http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/31 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/31 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 10:24:16 PDT Recent data indicate disturbing trends in health problems in college students in this country. In addition, there is concern that athletes may be more at risk for certain health problems than are other student populations. We surveyed male and female athletes and non-athletes to compare the prevalence rates of alcohol behaviors, smoking and smokeless tobacco use, and disordered eating behaviors and body image dissatisfaction. We found that these behaviors differed by both gender and athletic status. However, the patterns are not consistent, with athletes being more vulnerable for certain risky behaviors and non-athletes being more vulnerable for others. Furthermore, these patterns also differ by gender. College administrators need to be aware of the different vulnerabilities that various populations face and be prepared to address different issues and treatment plans for male and female athletes and non-athletes.

]]> Mary E. Pritchard et al. Traditional and Non-Traditional Male College Students' Attitudes on Muscularity http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/30 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/30 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 10:24:15 PDT Body dissatisfaction has been studied widely in women, and is now receiving considerable attention in men, particularly in terms of muscularity dissatisfaction. The present study found that traditional students display higher levels of drive for muscularity (DFM) than do non traditional students. In addition, in traditional students, DFM is predicted by appearance orientation, whereas in non traditional students DFM is predicted by investment in appearance and body type dissatisfaction. Future research implications are discussed.

]]> N. Spann et al. Risk Factors for Disordered Eating in High School and College Athletes http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/29 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/29 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 10:24:13 PDT The present study compared disordered eating behavior in high school and college athletes. Results indicated significant differences between high school and college athletes in disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and excessive exercise. Females were more likely to display disordered eating behaviors and body dissatisfaction than were males. Self-esteem correlated with body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and excessive exercise. Predictors of eating disordered behavior in college athletes were body dissatisfaction and self-esteem, with body dissatisfaction having more of an influence. For high school athletes, the primary predictor of disordered eating was body dissatisfaction followed by excessive exercise. Results from the present study suggests that when athletes are dissatisfied with their bodies, they are more likely to develop disordered eating and exercise behaviors. There are indications that coaches and trainers need to be aware of the possibility of disordered eating and exercise behaviors in athletes, and watch for the identified predictors of those behaviors.

]]> Mary E. Pritchard et al. The Relationship Between Coping Styles and Drinking Behaviors in Teenage Athletes http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/28 http://works.bepress.com/mary_pritchard/28 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 10:24:11 PDT Alcohol is the most widely used drug among athletes and its misuse with this population is well documented (O’Brien & Lyons, 2000). However, underlying emotional causes for its misuse have not been identified, nor has the interaction of gender and athletic status been examined. We hypothesized that coping styles used by athletes would relate to their drinking behaviors and this pattern would differ based on gender and athletic status. Female non-athletes consumed the least amount of alcohol and male non-athletes were the least likely to become intoxicated, whereas male athletes drank the greatest amount and were the most likely to become intoxicated. Drinking to cope had the highest correlation to drinking behaviors, but there were differences in the relation between coping tactics and drinking behaviors dependent upon gender and athletic status.

]]> Gregory S. Wilson et al.