Copyright (c) 2009 All rights reserved. http://works.bepress.com/manju_hingorani Recent documents in Manju Hingorani en-us Fri, 09 Oct 2009 23:36:11 PDT 3600 http://works.bepress.com/manju_hingorani/5 http://works.bepress.com/manju_hingorani/5 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 08:07:51 PDT MutS protein initiates mismatch repair with recognition of a non-Watson-Crick base-pair or base insertion/deletion site in DNA, and its interactions with DNA are modulated by ATPase activity. Here, we present a kinetic analysis of these interactions, including the effects of ATP binding and hydrolysis, reported directly from the mismatch site by 2-aminopurine fluorescence. When free of nucleotides, the Thermus aquaticus MutS dimer binds a mismatch rapidly (k(ON)=3 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)) and forms a stable complex with a half-life of 10 s (k(OFF)=0.07 s(-1)). When one or both nucleotide-binding sites on the MutS*mismatch complex are occupied by ATP, the complex remains fairly stable, with a half-life of 5-7 s (k(OFF)=0.1-0.14 s(-1)), although MutS(ATP) becomes incapable of (re-)binding the mismatch. When one or both nucleotide-binding sites on the MutS dimer are occupied by ADP, the MutS*mismatch complex forms rapidly (k(ON)=7.3 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)) and also dissociates rapidly, with a half-life of 0.4 s (k(OFF)=1.7 s(-1)). Integration of these MutS DNA-binding kinetics with previously described ATPase kinetics reveals that: (a) in the absence of a mismatch, MutS in the ADP-bound form engages in highly dynamic interactions with DNA, perhaps probing base-pairs for errors; (b) in the presence of a mismatch, MutS stabilized in the ATP-bound form releases the mismatch slowly, perhaps allowing for onsite interactions with downstream repair proteins; (c) ATP-bound MutS then moves off the mismatch, perhaps as a mobile clamp facilitating repair reactions at distant sites on DNA, until ATP is hydrolyzed (or dissociates) and the protein turns over. Manju Hingorani http://works.bepress.com/manju_hingorani/4 http://works.bepress.com/manju_hingorani/4 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 08:07:50 PDT The Escherichia coli clamp loader, gamma complex (gamma(3)deltadelta'lambdapsi), catalyzes ATP-driven assembly of beta clamps onto primer-template DNA (p/tDNA), enabling processive replication. The mechanism by which gamma complex targets p/tDNA for clamp assembly is not resolved. According to previous studies, charged/polar amino acids inside the clamp loader chamber interact with the double-stranded (ds) portion of p/tDNA. We find that dsDNA, not ssDNA, can trigger a burst of ATP hydrolysis by gamma complex and clamp assembly, but only at far higher concentrations than p/tDNA. Thus, contact between gamma complex and dsDNA is necessary and sufficient, but not optimal, for the reaction, and additional contacts with p/tDNA likely facilitate its selection as the optimal substrate for clamp assembly. We investigated whether a conserved sequence-HRVW(279)QNRR--in delta subunit contributes to such interactions, since Tryptophan-279 specifically cross-links to the primer-template junction. Mutation of delta-W279 weakens gamma complex binding to p/tDNA, hampering its ability to load clamps and promote proccessive DNA replication, and additional mutations in the sequence (delta-R277, delta-R283) worsen the interaction. These data reveal a novel location in the C-terminal domain of the E. coli clamp loader that contributes to DNA binding and helps define p/tDNA as the preferred substrate for the reaction. Manju Hingorani http://works.bepress.com/manju_hingorani/3 http://works.bepress.com/manju_hingorani/3 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 08:07:50 PDT Previous analyses of both Thermus aquaticus MutS homodimer and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Msh2-Msh6 heterodimer have revealed that the subunits in these protein complexes bind and hydrolyze ATP asymmetrically, emulating their asymmetric DNA binding properties. In the MutS homodimer, one subunit (S1) binds ATP with high affinity and hydrolyzes it rapidly, while the other subunit (S2) binds ATP with lower affinity and hydrolyzes it at an apparently slower rate. Interaction of MutS with mismatched DNA results in suppression of ATP hydrolysis at S1--but which of these subunits, S1 or S2, makes specific contact with the mismatch (e.g., base stacking by a conserved phenylalanine residue) remains unknown. In order to answer this question and to clarify the links between the DNA binding and ATPase activities of each subunit in the dimer, we made mutations in the ATPase sites of Msh2 and Msh6 and assessed their impact on the activity of the Msh2-Msh6 heterodimer (in Msh2-Msh6, only Msh6 makes base specific contact with the mismatch). The key findings are: (a) Msh6 hydrolyzes ATP rapidly, and thus resembles the S1 subunit of the MutS homodimer, (b) Msh2 hydrolyzes ATP at a slower rate, and thus resembles the S2 subunit of MutS, (c) though itself an apparently weak ATPase, Msh2 has a strong influence on the ATPase activity of Msh6, (d) Msh6 binding to mismatched DNA results in suppression of rapid ATP hydrolysis, revealing a "cis" linkage between its mismatch recognition and ATPase activities, (e) the resultant Msh2-Msh6 complex, with both subunits in the ATP-bound state, exhibits altered interactions with the mismatch. Manju Hingorani http://works.bepress.com/manju_hingorani/2 http://works.bepress.com/manju_hingorani/2 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 08:07:48 PDT The observation that Cadmium (Cd(2+)) inhibits Msh2-Msh6, which is responsible for identifying base pair mismatches and other discrepancies in DNA, has led to the proposal that selective targeting of this protein and consequent suppression of DNA repair or apoptosis promote the carcinogenic effects of the heavy metal toxin. It has been suggested that Cd(2+) binding to specific sites on Msh2-Msh6 blocks its DNA binding and ATPase activities. To investigate the mechanism of inhibition, we measured Cd(2+) binding to Msh2-Msh6, directly and by monitoring changes in protein structure and enzymatic activity. Global fitting of the data to a multiligand binding model revealed that binding of about 100 Cd(2+) ions per Msh2-Msh6 results in its inactivation. This finding indicates that the inhibitory effect of Cd(2+) occurs via a nonspecific mechanism. Cd(2+) and Msh2-Msh6 interactions involve cysteine sulfhydryl groups, and the high Cd(2+):Msh2-Msh6 ratio implicates other ligands such as histidine, aspartate, glutamate, and the peptide backbone as well. Our study also shows that cadmium inactivates several unrelated enzymes similarly, consistent with a nonspecific mechanism of inhibition. Targeting of a variety of proteins, including Msh2-Msh6, in this generic manner would explain the marked broad-spectrum impact of Cd(2+) on biological processes. We propose that the presence of multiple nonspecific Cd(2+) binding sites on proteins and their propensity to change conformation on interaction with Cd(2+) are critical determinants of the susceptibility of corresponding biological systems to cadmium toxicity. Manju Hingorani http://works.bepress.com/manju_hingorani/1 http://works.bepress.com/manju_hingorani/1 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 08:07:47 PDT Regression analysis is indispensible for quantitative understanding of biological systems and for developing accurate computational models. By applying regression analysis, one can validate models and quantify components of the system, including ones that cannot be observed directly. Global (simultaneous) analysis of all experimental data available for the system produces the most informative results. To quantify components of a complex system, the dataset needs to contain experiments of different types performed under a broad range of conditions. However, heterogeneity of such datasets complicates implementation of the global analysis. Computational models continuously evolve to include new knowledge and to account for novel experimental data, creating the demand for flexible and efficient analysis procedures. To address these problems, we have developed gfit software to globally analyze many types of experiments, to validate computational models, and to extract maximum information from the available experimental data. Manju Hingorani