Kim M Newkirk Copyright (c) 2013 All rights reserved. http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk Recent documents in Kim M Newkirk en-us Wed, 01 May 2013 01:40:56 PDT 3600 Repeated Administration of Tribromoethanol in C57BL/6NHsd Mice http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/34 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/34 Mon, 29 Apr 2013 12:05:38 PDT We evaluated the effect of repeated intraperitoneal administration of tribromoethanol on various parameters in C57BL/6NHsd mice. Mice (n = 68) were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 groups to receive tribromoethanol (500 mg/kg IP) on day 0 or days 0 and 8; vehicle (tert-amyl alcohol in sterile water) only on day 0 or days 0 and 8; sterile water injection on day 0 or days 0 and 8; or no treatment. A single dose of tribromoethanol failed to produce loss of pedal reflex and had no effect on median food and water consumption but altered median body weight on days 1 through 4 when compared with that in mice that received vehicle only or no treatment. Median body weight did not differ between mice that received a single dose of tribromoethanol and those that received an injection of water. Among mice given 2 doses of tribromoethanol, induction time, anesthetic duration, and recovery time varied widely. Repeated administration of tribromoethanol had no effect on median food and water consumption or body weight compared with those in controls. Median liver weight was significantly greater in mice that received 2 doses compared with a single dose of tribromoethanol. Median liver weight did not differ between untreated mice and those that received tribromoethanol. No significant organ or tissue pathology was observed in any study animal. Although tribromoethanol did not produce morbidity, mortality, or pathologic changes in treated animals, we urge caution in use of tribromoethanol in C57BL/6NHsd mice due to its variable anesthetic effectiveness.

]]> William Allen Hill et al. Comparison of first-intention healing of carbon dioxide laser, 4.0-MHz radiosurgery, and scalpel incisions in ball pythons (Python regius). http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/33 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/33 Mon, 29 Apr 2013 12:05:37 PDT Objective-To evaluate first-intention healing of CO(2) laser, 4.0-MHz radiowave radiosurgery (RWRS), and scalpel incisions in ball pythons (Python regius). Animals-6 healthy adult ball pythons. Procedures-A skin biopsy sample was collected, and 2-cm skin incisions (4/modality) were made in each snake under anesthesia and closed with surgical staples on day 0. Incision sites were grossly evaluated and scored daily. One skin biopsy sample per incision type per snake was obtained on days 2, 7, 14, and 30. Necrotic and fibroplastic tissue was measured in histologic sections; samples were assessed and scored for total inflammation, histologic response (based on the measurement of necrotic and fibroplastic tissues and total inflammation score), and other variables. Frequency distributions of gross and histologic variables associated with wound healing were calculated. Results-Gross wound scores were significantly greater (indicating greater separation of wound edges) for laser incisions than for RWRS and scalpel incisions at all evaluated time points. Necrosis was significantly greater in laser and RWRS incisions than in scalpel incision sites on days 2 and 14 and days 2 and 7, respectively; fibroplasia was significantly greater in laser than in scalpel incision sites on day 30. Histologic response scores were significantly lower for scalpel than for other incision modalities on days 2, 14, and 30. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-In snakes, skin incisions made with a scalpel generally had less necrotic tissue than did CO(2) laser and RWRS incisions. Comparison of the 3 modalities on the basis of histologic response scores indicated that use of a scalpel was preferable, followed by RWRS and then laser.

]]> Rebecca T. Hodshon et al. Others A retrospective study of eyelid tumors from 43 cats http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/32 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/32 Mon, 20 Aug 2012 04:17:01 PDT Submissions to the University of Tennessee pathology service from June 1999 to June 2008 were searched for feline cases of tumors involving the eyelids or nictitans. Forty-three tumors were identified. The average age at diagnosis was 10.4 years. Significantly more males than females had eyelid tumors. There were 12 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 11 mast cell tumors (MCTs), 6 hemangiosarcomas (HSAs), 4 adenocarcinomas (ACAs), 3 peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs), 3 lymphomas, 3 apocrine hidrocystomas (AHCs), and 2 hemangiomas. Cats with MCTs were significantly younger than cats with all other tumor types combined. In contrast, cats with SCCs were significantly older than cats with other tumor types. The HSAs and SCCs were significantly more likely than other tumors to occur in nonpigmented areas. The MCTs, HSAs, AHCs, and hemangiomas did not recur after surgical excision. In contrast, the lymphomas, ACAs, SCCs, and PNSTs frequently recurred and/or resulted in death or euthanasia of the cat. The SCCs were significantly more likely to recur than the MCTs. The average survival time for cats with SCCs was 7.4 months. Although eyelid MCTs have been reported in cats, the prevalence in this study is much higher than previously described.

]]> Kim M. Newkirk et al. Thyroid Neoplasia in Captive Raccoons (Procyon lotor) http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/31 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/31 Mon, 20 Aug 2012 04:17:00 PDT Two adult, spayed, female raccoons were diagnosed with thyroid neoplasia. One raccoon had a palpable, left-sided, nonfunctional thyroid adenocarcinoma which was treated with a thyroidectomy twice with local recurrence both times. After the second recurrence, pulmonary metastases were identified. A third thyroidectomy was performed, and a vascular access port was placed for administration of intravenous doxorubicin. The raccoon developed pancytopenia and became anorexic after chemotherapy, and the owner elected humane euthanasia. The second raccoon had nonpalpable, bilateral, functional follicular thyroid adenomatous hyperplasia and was treated with a right thyroidectomy and a partial left thyroidectomy, leaving behind the grossly normal portion of the left thyroid. However, the animal was still hyperthyroid after surgery and was then successfully managed with topical methimazole gel. Thyroid pathology has been documented in raccoons in Europe, but is not reported in the United States. Thyroid neoplasia in raccoons can occur as a nonfunctional adenocarcinoma, as is commonly reported in dogs, or as a functional adenoma, as is commonly reported in cats. Raccoons with adenocarcinomas should be evaluated for pulmonary metastasis. Methimazole gel may be a viable treatment option for raccoons with hyperthyroidism.

]]> Stephanie L. McCain et al. Hepatic copper and iron accumulation and histologic findings in 104 feline liver biopsies. http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/30 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/30 Tue, 07 Aug 2012 09:59:28 PDT In contrast to dogs, the role of copper and iron accumulation in feline hepatic disease remains poorly characterized. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to compare the amount and distribution of copper and iron accumulation for different disease processes in feline liver biopsies. Liver biopsies (from 104 privately owned cats) were categorized by primary histopathologic lesion. Copper (by rubeanic acid) and iron (by Prussian blue) accumulation were graded by amounts (0-3) and location (centrilobular, midzonal, periportal, random). The Kruskal-Wallis test and Pearson chi-square test were used to assess differences in metal grade and location, respectively, between diagnostic categories. Histologic diagnoses were normal ( n=12), congenital ( n=6), neoplastic ( n=16), infectious and/or inflammatory (n=39), and other ( n=31). Hepatocellular iron staining was negative in 18 samples; remaining samples had grade 1 ( n=38), 2 ( n=40), and 3 (n=8) accumulation. Ninety-two samples were negative for copper remaining samples had grade 1 ( n=5), 2 ( n=6), and 3 ( n=1) accumulation. No significant differences were found in the amount of iron or copper accumulation between the different diagnostic categories. Diagnostic category and the location of copper or iron accumulation were not associated. Hepatic iron accumulation was common and not associated with histologic diagnosis. Hepatocellular copper accumulation was more common in cats than previously reported, had a similar pattern of distribution to fibrotic changes, and was not present in histologically normal liver biopsies.

]]> Jacqueline C. Whittemore et al. Lipid emboli in a Vietnamese potbellied pig (Sus scrofa) http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/29 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/29 Mon, 11 Jun 2012 11:23:13 PDT A 2-year-old, spayed female Vietnamese potbellied pig (Sus scrofa) was evaluated due to polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy, and hyporexia. The pig was obese, and a large abdominal mass was palpated. Additional findings included hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, glucosuria, and an inflammatory leukogram. At surgery, the abdominal mass was biopsied and found to be bilaterally symmetric adipose tissue with mineralization and granulomatous steatitis. An additional surgery was performed to collect additional diagnostic samples, but the pig died while recovering from anesthesia. A cosmetic necropsy was performed, and lipid emboli were identified microscopically in various tissues. The presence of lipid emboli in the lung and kidney was supported by antifibrinogen immunohistochemistry. Obesity is a common finding in potbellied pigs; however, mineralization and saponification of fat are uncommon, particularly the bilateral symmetrical distribution found in the abdomen of the present case. This may present as a single intra-abdominal mass complicating diagnostic interpretation. Whether mineralization and saponification of fat facilitate the development of fat embolism is undetermined. Lipid emboli should be considered in obese pigs undergoing medical or surgical procedures. Factors that may predispose to the development of fat embolism, such as excessive handling or bruising of fat stores, should be avoided.

]]> Kim M. Newkirk et al. Renal pathology of non-domestic felids http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/27 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/27 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 13:13:22 PDT To comprehensively evaluate the occurrence of renal lesions in a variety of nondomestic felids, necropsy cases from 1978 to 2008 were reviewed from a municipal zoo and a large cat sanctuary for those in which the kidneys were examined histologically. Seventy exotic felids were identified (25 tigers, 18 lions, 6 cougars, 5 leopards, 3 snow leopards, 3 clouded leopards, 3 Canadian lynx, 2 ocelots, 2 bobcats, 2 cheetahs, 1 jaguar), and their histologic renal lesions were evaluated and compared. The most common lesion was tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN); 36 of 70 (51%) cats were affected to some degree. Lymphocytic interstitial nephritis was the most common lesion in the tigers (9 of 25, 36%) and was rarely seen in other species. Although the renal pelvis was not available for all cats, 28 of 47 (60%) had some degree of lymphocytic pyelitis. There was no significant association between the presence of pyelitis and that of TIN. Only 1 cat had pyelonephritis. Renal papillary necrosis was present in 13 of 70 (19%) cats and was significantly associated with historical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment (odds ratio, 7.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.9 to 26.8). Only 1 cat (lion) had amyloid accumulation, and it was restricted to the corticomedullary junction. Primary glomerular lesions were absent in all cats. Intraepithelial pigment was identified in many of the cats but was not correlated with severity of TIN. Despite several previous reports describing primary glomerular disease or renal amyloidosis in exotic felids, these lesions were rare to absent in this population.

]]> Kim Newkirk et al. Publications Porphyrins are not present in feline ocular tissues and corneal sequestra http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/26 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/26 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 13:13:20 PDT Purpose: To determine if feline lacrimal glands, glands of the third eyelid, corneas and corneal sequestra contain porphyrins, as porphyrins could be responsible for the brown/amber discoloration of corneal sequestra and tears in affected cats. Methods: Samples of grossly normal cornea, lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid were collected immediately after euthanasia from 14 adult, mixed breed, short hair cats that were euthanized for purposes unrelated to this study. Sequestra from 18 clinical cases (eight Himalayan, five Domestic Short-haired and one each of five other breeds) were obtained via lamellar keratectomy. Samples were frozen at - 20 C. The tissues were divided, weighed to obtain 0.015 to 0.03 g of tissue and then homogenized. A hamster Harderian gland was used as a positive control. Porphyrin concentrations of the homogenate were determined by spectrofluorometry with protoporphyrin IX and coproporphyrin III dihydrochloride used as standards. Results: Only the positive control and standards contained detectable levels of porphyrins. Conclusions: Porphyrins are absent in normal feline lacrimal glands, corneas, and corneal sequestra. Porphyrins do not appear to be the cause of the brown/amber color of feline corneal sequestra.

]]> Kim Newkirk et al. Publications Renal pathology of non-domestic felids http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/25 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/25 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 13:13:17 PDT To comprehensively evaluate the occurrence of renal lesions in a variety of nondomestic felids, necropsy cases from 1978 to 2008 were reviewed from a municipal zoo and a large cat sanctuary for those in which the kidneys were examined histologically. Seventy exotic felids were identified (25 tigers, 18 lions, 6 cougars, 5 leopards, 3 snow leopards, 3 clouded leopards, 3 Canadian lynx, 2 ocelots, 2 bobcats, 2 cheetahs, 1 jaguar), and their histologic renal lesions were evaluated and compared. The most common lesion was tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN); 36 of 70 (51%) cats were affected to some degree. Lymphocytic interstitial nephritis was the most common lesion in the tigers (9 of 25, 36%) and was rarely seen in other species. Although the renal pelvis was not available for all cats, 28 of 47 (60%) had some degree of lymphocytic pyelitis. There was no significant association between the presence of pyelitis and that of TIN. Only 1 cat had pyelonephritis. Renal papillary necrosis was present in 13 of 70 (19%) cats and was significantly associated with historical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment (odds ratio, 7.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.9 to 26.8). Only 1 cat (lion) had amyloid accumulation, and it was restricted to the corticomedullary junction. Primary glomerular lesions were absent in all cats. Intraepithelial pigment was identified in many of the cats but was not correlated with severity of TIN. Despite several previous reports describing primary glomerular disease or renal amyloidosis in exotic felids, these lesions were rare to absent in this population.

]]> Kim Newkirk et al. Publications Renal lesions of nondomestic felids http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/24 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/24 Sat, 20 Aug 2011 07:58:26 PDT To comprehensively evaluate the occurrence of renal lesions in a variety of nondomestic felids, necropsy cases from 1978 to 2008 were reviewed from a municipal zoo and a large cat sanctuary for those in which the kidneys were examined histologically. Seventy exotic felids were identified (25 tigers, 18 lions, 6 cougars, 5 leopards, 3 snow leopards, 3 clouded leopards, 3 Canadian lynx, 2 ocelots, 2 bobcats, 2 cheetahs, 1 jaguar), and their histologic renal lesions were evaluated and compared. The most common lesion was tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN); 36 of 70 (51%) cats were affected to some degree. Lymphocytic interstitial nephritis was the most common lesion in the tigers (9 of 25, 36%) and was rarely seen in other species. Although the renal pelvis was not available for all cats, 28 of 47 (60%) had some degree of lymphocytic pyelitis. There was no significant association between the presence of pyelitis and that of TIN. Only 1 cat had pyelonephritis. Renal papillary necrosis was present in 13 of 70 (19%) cats and was significantly associated with historical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment (odds ratio, 7.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.9 to 26.8). Only 1 cat (lion) had amyloid accumulation, and it was restricted to the corticomedullary junction. Primary glomerular lesions were absent in all cats. Intraepithelial pigment was identified in many of the cats but was not correlated with severity of TIN. Despite several previous reports describing primary glomerular disease or renal amyloidosis in exotic felids, these lesions were rare to absent in this population.

]]> Kim M. Newkirk et al. Publications Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in feline premalignant and invasive squamous cell carcinoma http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/23 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/23 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 08:44:33 PDT Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignant cutaneous and oral neoplasm of cats. Papillomavirus (PV) DNA has been identified in a proportion of feline Bowenoid in situ carcinomas (BISCs), cutaneous SCCs and a single oral SCC, but its exact role in the pathogenesis remains unknown. In humans, it has been suggested that ultraviolet (UV) light and human PV (HPV) may act as cofactors in cutaneous SCC carcinogenesis. Little is known about the influence of UV light on PV prevalence in feline cutaneous lesions, including actinic keratosis (AK). Additionally, PV prevalence in noncutaneous feline lesions, including oral SCC, is largely not known. This study aimed to determine the presence of PV in 84 cats with premalignant and invasive SCC from cutaneous and noncutaneous sites using polymerase chain reaction and to investigate an association with UV light. Papillomaviral DNA was amplified from two of 12 cases of AK, seven of 22 BISCs, nine of 39 cutaneous SCCs and two of 35 non-cutaneous SCCs. Of the PV DNA sequenced, 50% was most similar to HPV of the genus Betapapillomavirus, while the other 50% was most similar to Felis domesticus PV type 2. Exposure to UV was not associated with an increase in PV for cutaneous SCC. The results of this study suggest that in the cat, HPV DNA may be detectible within a higher percentage of squamous lesions than previously demonstrated, UV exposure may not be a confounder for PV presence, and noncutaneous lesions may have a low prevalence of PV.

]]> Sarah O'Neill et al. Publications Analyzing histology images with Photoshop Extended CS3 and CS4 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/22 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/22 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 08:36:32 PDT D Haines et al. Publications Molecular characterization of the L1 gene of papillomaviruses in epithelial lesions of cats and comparative analysis with corresponding gene sequences of human and feline papillomaviruses http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/21 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/21 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 08:28:52 PDT Objective—To characterize the L1 gene of papillomaviruses detected in epithelial lesions of cats and to determine the relationship between those L1 gene nucleotide sequences and known L1 gene sequences of human and feline papillomaviruses.

Sample Population—10 tissue samples of epithelial lesions from 8 cats.

Procedures—DNA was extracted from tissue samples. Primers were designed to amplify the L1 gene of papillomaviruses. Amplicons of DNA were sequenced; nucleotide sequences were compared with known L1 gene nucleotide sequences of papillomaviruses and used for phylogenetic analysis.

Results—Tissue samples were obtained from lesions (diagnosed as dysplasia [n = 1], squamous cell carcinoma in situ [3], or squamous cell carcinoma [6]) of the skin (9) and oral mucosa [1]. Two amplicons had 99% homology with the L1 gene nucleotide sequence of human papillomavirus type 38b subtype FA125. Another amplicon had 84% homology with the L1 gene nucleotide sequence of human papillomavirus type 80 and was considered to be a new type of papillomavirus. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that these 3 papillomaviruses were grouped into 2 clades that were not similar to the clades of Felis domesticus papillomavirus type 1 or F domesticus papillomavirus type 2 (FdPV2). The remaining 7 amplicons had 98% to 100% homology with the L1 gene nucleotide sequence of FdPV2. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that those 7 papillomaviruses were grouped nto a single clade with FdPV2.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results support the likelihood of transmission of papillomaviruses between humans and cats.

]]> EA Anis et al. Publications Analyzing histology images with Photoshop Extended CS3 and CS4 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/20 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/20 Wed, 22 Jun 2011 10:02:08 PDT Deborah K. Haines et al. Publications Histologic Evaluation of Hepatic Copper and Iron Accumulation in 104 Feline Liver Biopsies http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/19 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/19 Thu, 02 Jun 2011 12:06:01 PDT Jacqueline C. Whittemore et al. In Press Multiple Follicular Cysts in Four Alpacas (<em>Vicugna pacos</em>) http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/18 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/18 Thu, 02 Jun 2011 12:05:58 PDT Follicular cysts are non-neoplastic skin lesions lined by follicular epithelium. The pathogenesis of these lesions is unclear. Multiple follicular cysts occur sporadically in dogs, horses and humans and are common in sheep. Here we report multiple follicular cysts in four aged alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Based on their histological features, they are most consistent with hybrid cysts. This is the first report of multiple follicular cysts in alpacas.

]]> Kim M. Newkirk et al. Publications Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in feline premalignant and invasive squamous cell carcinoma http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/17 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/17 Thu, 02 Jun 2011 12:05:54 PDT SH O'Neill et al. Publications Molecular Characterization of the L1 Gene of Papillomaviruses in Epithelial Lesions of Cats and Comparative Analysis with Corresponding Gene Sequences of Human and Feline Papillomaviruses http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/16 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/16 Thu, 02 Jun 2011 12:05:52 PDT Objective—To characterize the L1 gene of papillomaviruses detected in epithelial lesions of cats and to determine the relationship between those L1 gene nucleotide sequences and known L1 gene sequences of human and feline papillomaviruses.

Sample Population—10 tissue samples of epithelial lesions from 8 cats.

Procedures—DNA was extracted from tissue samples. Primers were designed to amplify the L1 gene of papillomaviruses. Amplicons of DNA were sequenced; nucleotide sequences were compared with known L1 gene nucleotide sequences of papillomaviruses and used for phylogenetic analysis.

Results—Tissue samples were obtained from lesions (diagnosed as dysplasia [n = 1], squamous cell carcinoma in situ [3], or squamous cell carcinoma [6]) of the skin (9) and oral mucosa [1]. Two amplicons had 99% homology with the L1 gene nucleotide sequence of human papillomavirus type 38b subtype FA125. Another amplicon had 84% homology with the L1 gene nucleotide sequence of human papillomavirus type 80 and was considered to be a new type of papillomavirus. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that these 3 papillomaviruses were grouped into 2 clades that were not similar to the clades of Felis domesticus papillomavirus type 1 or F domesticus papillomavirus type 2 (FdPV2). The remaining 7 amplicons had 98% to 100% homology with the L1 gene nucleotide sequence of FdPV2. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that those 7 papillomaviruses were grouped nto a single clade with FdPV2.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results support the likelihood of transmission of papillomaviruses between humans and cats.

]]> Eman A. Anis et al. Publications Slug (Snai2) expression during skin and hair follicle development. Parent A, Newkirk K, Kusewitt D http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/15 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/15 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 07:06:04 PDT Kim M. Newkirk Publications Distribution and amount of pigment within the ciliary body of blue and brown canine eyes. Newkirk K, Haines D, Calvarese S, Esson D, Chandler H http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/14 http://works.bepress.com/kim_newkirk/14 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 07:05:25 PDT Kim M. Newkirk Publications