The ICCS civic knowledge assessment was developed over an 18-month period from October 2006 to April 2008. Most of the ICCS test-item development was conducted by the international study center (ISC) at the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) in collaboration with the study’s national research coordinators (NRCs) and the Project Advisory Committee (PAC). This chapter provides a detailed description of the test-development process, review procedures, and the test design implemented for the ICCS field trial and main survey. Table 2.1 provides an overview of the test-development processes and timeline.