This article explains why industrial waste that is not legally hazardous must be given greater attention and regulatory oversight. Industrial waste (including coal ash) may represent as much as 94 percent of municipal, hazardous, and industrial wastes combined. The article explores the existing federal framework for industrial waste and looks at innovative state approaches, particularly the approach taken in Pennsylvania. The article recommends four national goals for addressing industrial waste: energy and materials conservation, environmental protection at waste management facilities, prompt and significant results, and genuine state and federal partnerships. The author suggests changes to the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act that would help achieve these goals.