Modern breeding, based upon molecular biology using genetic information, has made rapid advances. Breeders using rDNA techniques properly can think of this technique as traditional biotechnology. Within the past ten years, breeders have begun to use newer techniques [site-directed nuclease techniques (SDNs), RNAi, and synthetic biology] to create and to develop plants and animals with desired genetic traits. In this chapter printed in the NABC 26 Report (May 2015), the authors address the question: What is the appropriate regulatory paradigm for modern breeding?