Copyright (c) 2009 All rights reserved. http://works.bepress.com/david_watson Recent documents in David Watson en-us Sat, 18 Jul 2009 14:11:20 PDT 3600 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/253 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/253 Fri, 17 Jul 2009 08:58:59 PDT P C. Kendall http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/252 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/252 Fri, 17 Jul 2009 08:54:36 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/251 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/251 Fri, 17 Jul 2009 08:49:52 PDT J W. Pennebaker http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/250 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/250 Fri, 17 Jul 2009 08:45:05 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/249 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/249 Fri, 17 Jul 2009 08:40:17 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/248 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/248 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 14:43:43 PDT P C. Kendall http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/247 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/247 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 14:38:14 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/246 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/246 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 14:34:20 PDT J W. Pennebaker http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/245 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/245 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 14:25:52 PDT L A. Clark http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/244 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/244 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 14:22:06 PDT L A. Clark http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/243 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/243 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 14:10:28 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/241 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/241 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 13:59:14 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/240 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/240 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 13:55:10 PDT L A. Clark http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/239 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/239 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 13:51:49 PDT K Moras http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/238 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/238 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 13:47:30 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/237 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/237 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 13:43:52 PDT L A. Clark http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/236 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/236 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 13:39:58 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/235 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/235 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 13:36:21 PDT L A. Clark http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/234 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/234 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 13:31:43 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/233 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/233 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 14:03:47 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/232 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/232 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 13:56:53 PDT E K. Gray http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/231 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/231 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 13:52:58 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/230 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/230 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 13:40:19 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/229 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/229 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 13:33:52 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/228 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/228 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 09:49:12 PDT Lee A. Clark http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/227 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/227 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 09:37:30 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/226 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/226 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 09:30:42 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/225 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/225 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 09:04:59 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/224 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/224 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 08:58:52 PDT L J. Simms http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/223 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/223 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 08:53:21 PDT J Humrichouse http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/222 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/222 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 08:45:50 PDT E K. Gray http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/221 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/221 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 08:40:50 PDT Lee Anna Clark http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/220 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/220 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 08:34:27 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/219 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/219 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 12:45:42 PDT David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/218 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/218 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 12:27:25 PDT Suggests that although D. J. Bem and A. Allen's (see record 1975-04252-001) proposal to use individual differences in consistency as a moderator variable has merit, their particular approach to the problem is not satisfactory. An acceptable way of representing this type of moderator effect is through interaction terms in a sequential regression analysis that departs from the traditional moderator model. However, results with simulated data indicate that the demonstrable contribution to criterion variance made by these interactions may be modest. The present analyses, including a reanalysis of Bem and Allen's own data, highlight the importance of unmoderated, linear relationships. It is suggested that the search for important moderator effects in the field of personality, rather than being largely atheoretical, should be guided by generic ideas about systematic interactions between certain kinds of personality variables. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Auke Tellegen http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/217 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/217 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 12:21:37 PDT Previous research has shown chronic pain patients to have elevated scores on the Hypochondriasis (Hs), Depression (D), and Hysteria (Hy) scales of the MMPI. While high scores on these scales are generally considered to reflect neurotic symptomatology and emotional disturbance, their interpretation is more ambiguous within this patient population. Item-level and subscale analyses of these scales and the K scale (a measure of defensiveness) were performed in order to clarify the meaning of these elevated scores. In these analyses a pain group's endorsement of each item was compared with the responses of two control groups, one a general medical patient sample, the other consisting of first year college students. Items showing group endorsement differences of 10% or greater were interpreted as providing significant information about the pain sample. Analysis of the Hs items indicated that a significant portion of the pain group exhibited the vague and diffuse somatic complaining characteristic of hypochondriasis. While the D scale results revealed a considerable amount of depressive symptomatology (such as sleep disturbance, poor self-esteem, apathy, and feelings of unhappiness, anxiety, and dissatisfaction), they did not support the notion that pain patients have the personality characteristics associated with severe depression. Analyses of the Hy and K scales indicated that the pain patients were no more defensive than were either of the control groups, and that their responses did not conform to the classic hysterical pattern. David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/216 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/216 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 12:16:16 PDT Examines the hypothesis of E. E. Jones and R. E. Nisbett (1971) that individuals generally attribute the actions of others to stable trait dispositions but see their own behavior as relatively more influenced by specific environmental circumstances. A literature review reveals a strong main effect of attribution type: Both self- and other-raters consistently ascribe more causal importance to traits than to situations. The interaction effect predicted by Jones and Nisbett was found in many studies using various attribution measures. Further evidence suggests that this interaction is largely due to the differential tendency of self- and other-raters to attribute causality to the environment rather than a differential preference for trait attributions. (41 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/215 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/215 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 12:11:59 PDT Investigated Japanese affective structure and its relation to English-language mood in an idiographic/nomothetic analysis. 57 Japanese mood terms were derived from an initial pool through factor analysis of content sortings. 18 Japanese undergraduates provided daily self-ratings on these terms for 3 mo. Each Ss' data were subjected to an individual factor analysis. Two large factors--Positive and Negative Affect, the major dimensions of mood found in previous research among English-speaking US Ss--emerged in most of the solutions. Japanese/English bilinguals made content sortings of the Japanese terms and 60 English mood words. The resulting 15 bilingual content categories were used in a comparison of Japanese and US mood structures, and a remarkable convergence was revealed. Factor score distributions were also similar in the 2 languages. The major difference between the structures involved the content factor Sleepy, which did not have a significant negative loading on the Japanese Positive Affect factor. This appears to be consistent with known cultural differences in values and behavior. (43 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/214 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/214 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 12:07:06 PDT A number of apparently diverse personality scales--variously assessing trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, general maladjustment, repression-sensitization, and social desirability--are reviewed and are shown to be in fact measures of the same stable and pervasive trait. An integrative interpretation of the construct as Negative Affectivity (NA) is presented. A review of studies using measures such as the Beck Depression Inventory, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and Multiple Affect Adjective Check List indicate that high-NA Ss are more likely to experience discomfort at all times and across situations, even in the absence of overt stress. They are relatively more introspective and tend differentially to dwell on the negative side of themselves and the world. Further research is needed to explain the origins of NA and to elucidate the characteristics of low-NA individuals. (5½ p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/213 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/213 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 09:35:32 PDT Reanalyses of 7 studies of self-reported mood by researchers such as M. A. Lebo and J. R. Nesselroade (see record 1979-30118-001) and J. A. Russell and D. Ridgeway (see record 1984-03807-001) indicate that Positive Affect and Negative Affect consistently emerge as the 1st 2 varimax rotated dimensions in orthogonal factor analyses or as the 1st 2 2nd-order factors derived from oblique solutions. The 2 factors emerged with varying sets of descriptors and were even replicated in several data sets characterized by possible methodological problems (e.g., acquiescence response bias, inappropriate response formats) noted by earlier authors. The results thus attest to the stability and robustness of Positive and Negative Affect in self-report. Because this same 2-dimensional configuration has also been consistently identified in most other major lines of mood research, it is now firmly established as the basic structure of English-language affect at the general factor level. (76 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/212 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/212 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 09:29:38 PDT Stress researchers frequently use self-report measures to assess stress, health, psychological adjustment, and subjective dissatisfaction. We present evidence demonstrating that all of these variables are highly intercorrelated and reflect a common underlying factor of Negative Affectivity (NA). NA is a stable and pervasive personality dimension-high NA individuals report more stress, distress and physical complaints, even in the absence of any objective stressor or health problem. Thus, NA may operate as a substantial nuisance factor in many areas of research. To circumvent its influence, investigators can use non-subjective measures of stress and health. Finally, we present a two-factor model of stress and satisfaction that includes, in addition to NA, the independent factor of Positive Affectivity (PA), a trait reflecting positive feelings about oneself and one's life. David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/211 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/211 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 09:18:18 PDT In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/210 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/210 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 09:12:29 PDT Distinguishing between depression and anxiety has been a matter of concern and controversy for some time. Studies in normal samples have suggested, however, that assessment of two broad mood factors--Negative Affect (NA) and Positive Affect (PA)--may improve their differentiation. The present study extends these findings to a clinical sample. As part of an ongoing twin study, 90 inpatient probands and 60 cotwins were interviewed with the anxiety and depression sections of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS; Robins, Helzer, Croughan, & Ratcliff, 1981). Respondents also completed trait NA and PA scales. Consistent with previous research, NA was broadly correlated with symptoms and diagnoses of both anxiety and depression, and acted as a general predictor of psychiatric disorder. In contrast, PA was consistently related (negatively) only to symptoms and diagnoses of depression, indicating that the loss of pleasurable engagement is a distinctive feature of depression. The results suggest that strenghtening the PA component in depression measures may enhance their discriminative power. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) David Watson http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/209 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/209 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 09:03:12 PDT 14 medicated hypertensive, 15 nonmedicated mild hypertensive, 39 normotensive, and 13 hypotensive adults participated in a 1-2 hr laboratory experiment that assessed each S's symptoms, moods, and estimates of systolic blood pressure (SBP) relative to actual SBP levels. Several self-reports and autonomic measures were collected during and after each of 22 tasks. Within-S correlations indicated that all Ss could estimate SBP at levels greater than chance. Further, 68% of the Ss evidenced at least 1 significant symptom-SBP correlation. Although medicated hypertensives believed they could estimate their BP more accurately than other groups, they were actually no more accurate than the other Ss. They also evidenced far fewer empirically derived symptom-SBP and emotion-SBP correlations than any other group. Overall, blood pressure (BP) beliefs were largely inaccurate. If these erroneous beliefs can be eliminated, Ss may be able to estimate BP fluctuations more accurately. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) James W. Pennebaker http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/208 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/208 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 08:58:23 PDT Different bodily sensations and situational factors covary with changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP). The present experiment explored whether an awareness of SBP-related cues could help individuals to estimate their own SBP levels more accurately. Sixty-four adults (53 women and 11 men) participated in two experimental sessions 3 months apart. Immediately following each of 13 task and intervening baseline periods of each of the two sessions, subjects estimated their SBP and rated the degree to which they were experiencing each of 10 physical symptoms and moods (i.e., internal cues). In addition, independent judges rated the extent to which various situational factors were present during each task and baseline. Within-subject correlations between internal and situational cues with SBP served as the basis for subjects' receiving one of four randomly assigned types of feedback: no feedback, internal cue feedback, situational cue feedback, or biosituational feedback based on both internal and situational cues. In the second experimental session 3 months later, subjects in the biosituational feedback condition were significantly better at estimating SBP than were individuals in any of the other conditions. Implications of biosituational feedback as an alternative to traditional biofeedback are discussed. M Barr http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/207 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/207 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 08:51:49 PDT We examined the circadian rhythm of two basic dimensions of mood--Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA). Subjects were 196 college students in two studies who completed a mood rating form approximately seven times a day for 1 week. Significant diurnal variation was found to exist in overall Positive Affect, and in four component content areas, but not in Negative Affect. Specifically, all components of PA rose sharply from early morning until noon, remained relatively constant until 9 p.m., and then fell rapidly. The rise and fall of PA were quite robust across subjects, but the apparently static level of PA from noon to 9 p.m. was shown to result from averaging across marked individual differences in the time of peak PA. Various potential sources of these individual differences--morningness-eveningness, introversion-extraversion, and neuroticism/dysphoria--were investigated. Neither of the personality variables accounted for the significant variation in diurnal mood patterning, but clearly defined morning and evening types did show different patterns. Possible links between the mood pattern obtained and biologically based circadian rhythms, which have been postulated to be dysregulated in depression and mania, are discussed. Lee A. Clark http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/206 http://works.bepress.com/david_watson/206 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 08:45:32 PDT Most current models in health psychology assume that stress adversely affects physical health. We re-examined this assumption by reviewing extensive data from the literature and from six samples of our own, in which we collected measures of personality, health and fitness, stress, and current emotional functioning. Results indicate that self-report health measures reflect a pervasive mood disposition of negative affectivity (NA); self-report stress scales also contain a substantial NA component. However, although NA is correlated with health complaint scales, it is not strongly or consistently related to actual, long-term health status, and thus will act as a general nuisance factor in health research. Because self-report measures of stress and health both contain a significant NA component, correlations between such measures likely overestimate the true association between stress and health. Results demonstrate the importance of including different types of health measures in health psychology research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) David Watson